Light-driven Transport of Plasmonic Nanoparticles on Demand

Light-driven Transport of Plasmonic Nanoparticles on Demand Abstract With the advance of science and technology, the control and movement of plasmonic nanoparticles can be achieved via laser traps. The effect of the optical manipulation tool has been tested before on the multiple particles [1]. Here, this is proved that manipulation and transport of large plasmonic nanoparticles can be applied on the sample which previously prepared. These verities include developments related to many technological applications. Introduction Metal plasmonic nanoparticles are highly preferred because they have specific properties. These are gold and silver nanoparticles. As we know when the light hits the surface of the metal, a part of the light is reflected. Some of it is absorbed. Metal atoms have electron clouds that are constantly moving around them. The light which is absorbed by metal has energy. That energy causes the vibration of the electron clouds. The vibrations of the electron clouds are called plasmon [2]. If we look at the reflected light while we change an angle of incidence we see that reflected light intensity reduces. Resonance angle or SPR angle is the angle at which the maximum loss occurs on the intensity of the reflected light. Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) is the total excitation at the closed surface of a small particle (see Figure 1). These datas are about plasmonics. Plasmonics is an area that consists use of data transmission via plasmons and applications of its various fields. Figure 1: Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) Laser trap is a method which uses configurable lasers to hold atoms or particles and trap them in a restricted area. There are several different species of laser traps that can be used to trap a different kind of particles. One of the most common types of laser trap is the single-beam gradient force trap also known as optical tweezers or laser tweezers [3]. Dielectric objects are interested in the center of the beam, relatively above the beam waist, shown in the figure (see Figure 2). The force applied on the object depends linearly on its change of location from the trap center just as with a simple arc system [4]. In contrast to other laser traps, the proposed confinement mechanism exploits transverse phase gradient forces that allows working with resonant and off-resonant wavelengths on both red/blue-detuned sides of the LSPR. Figure 2: Optical trap principle The figure below (see Figure 3) shows us spectral absorption on gold and silver nanoparticles. The trapped laser is focused on the sample. Specifically, it is considered colloidal silver NPs of 150 nm (10 nm thick triangular plate, LSPR at 950 nm) and gold NPs of 100 nm (sphere, LSPR at 570 nm). The laser wavelength is arranged 532 nm, which is on the blue-detuned side near the LSPR of gold NPs. In contrast, this wavelength being far from the LSPR of the silver NPs allows avoiding significant optical heating, Figure 3: Spectral absorbance of silver and gold nanoparticles Dark field illumination was applied to create an image of the nanoparticles. With the same microscope objective, focuses on the capture beam on the top glass slides, allowing NPs to be displayed depending on the scattered light (see Figure 4). Figure 4: Spectral absorbance Dark field illumination (or Dark field microscopy) is a method which creates the contrast between the object and the field around the specimen. In this method, the samples and the other materials shine on the dark background (see Figure 5). Figure 5: Principle of dark field microscopy Optical microscopes use dark field illumination technique for enhancing the contrast in unstained samples. The light penetrates the microscopes for illumination of the specimen. The condenser lens and objective lens focuses the light against the specimen. The center is blocked out. The specimen appears bright on a dark background. The nanoparticles are bounded by the upper glass lamella surrounding the sample (by transverse phase gradient forces, white arrows, and see Figure 6). Figure 6: The NPs are confined near the top glass coverslip Methods A dipolar NP with size a below the laser wavelength (a < ÃŽ ») experiences time averaged radiation-induced forces: Where, q = x, y, z is a placeholder for the coordinates, ÃŽ ±(ÃŽ ») = ÃŽ ±Ã¢â‚¬ ² (ÃŽ ») + iÃŽ ±Ã¢â‚¬ ² †² (ÃŽ ») is the particle polarizability while ÃŽ µ is the permittivity of the surrounding medium, and E is the electric field of the focused laser beam. The particle experiences traverse scattering forces: Where, I = |E(x, y)|2 and à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ are the intensity and phase distributions of the field with u⊠¥, being normal and tangent vectors to the curve. Therefore, the transverse scattering forces in the normal and tangential directions naturally arise from the phase gradients along such directions. The laser traps have been created by focusing the following beam over the sample. This is the formula of beam shaping technique: The sample was formed as like this: the specimen was enclosed into a chamber made by attaching two glass coverslip (thickness 0.17 mm). A Scotch tape (thickness ~50 ÃŽ ¼m) was used as spacer between the coverslips. The nanoparticles were filled into the sample cell directly from the aqueous solution provided by the manufacturer: 150 nm silver NPs (NanoComposix Inc., 10 nm thick triangular plates, PVP coated, Lott. JMW1340) and 100 nm gold NPs (Sigma-Aldrich, citrate stabilized Au spheres, 742031, Lott. MKBS6913V). Results Bottom panel shows the intensity and phase of the laser trap focused according to their shapes (see Figure 7): Figure 7: It shows us the density and the phase of the laser trap (plane z1) focused into a circle. It shows us the density and the phase of the laser trap focused into a square. It shows us the density and the phase of the laser trap focused into a triangle. For each case, the XZ plane profile is shown in a1, b1 and c1 accordingly. In order to display the shape of the toroidal channel displayed in each case of a zoom item (inset) a1, b1 and c1 of the density distribution in plane z2. In the lower panel (a-c) a rotating flow of bound NPs is shown in the toroidal channel for each trap shape. Time skipped images of the stream were also shown[5]. Six small clusters of nanoparticles attached to the coverslip have been used to mimic targets or obstacles as displayed in Figure 8: Figure 8 (a) Small clusters of gold nanoparticles which anchored glass microscope slide are carried along a curved Bà ©zier path through six target objects. The intensity and phase of the trapped light (charge l = -30) is configured to avoid these objects as shown in the bottom panel of (b, c). In part (d), proposed approach to automated route finding based on several Bà ©zier curves displayed with different colors. (e,f) distributions of reciprocal and propulsive forces acting on particles[6-9]. Discussion In this article, gold and silver nanoparticles were controlled and transferred in a prepared sample before thanks to optical manipulation technique. This allows for guiding metal nanoparticles along tailored trajectories for interaction with objects, exploiting off-resonant but also resonant laser wavelengths for simultaneous nanoparticle heating. Their optical response can be tuned in the visible and infrared spectral range as a function of the nanoparticle shape and size. These nanoparticles strongly absorb and scatter light in the spectral region near to their localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), and therefore, can be applied as heat nanosources for lithography, photoacustic imaging, photothermal therapy, etc. In this experiment the laser wavelength was 532 nm[5]. References 1.Rodrigo, J.A. and T. Alieva, Freestyle 3D laser traps: tools for studying light-driven particle dynamics and beyond. Optica, 2015. 2(9): p. 812-815. 2.Esentà ¼rk, E.N. and A.H. Walker, Anisotropik Ã…Å ¾ekilli AltÄ ±n Nanoparà §acÄ ±klarÄ ±nÄ ±n Sentezi, Karakterizasyonu ve FonksiyonlandÄ ±rÄ ±lmasÄ ±. 3.https://people.smp.uq.edu.au/TimoNieminen/trapping.html 4.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_tweezers 5.Alieva, j.A.R.a.T., Light-driven transport of plasmonic nanoparticles on demand. scientific reports, 2016. 6.Carey, K.B., et al., Enhancing Readiness-to-Change Substance Abuse in Persons with Schizophrenia A Four-Session Motivation-Based Intervention. Behavior Modification, 2001. 25(3): p. 331-384. 7.Sanchot, A., et al., Plasmonic nanoparticle networks for light and heat concentration. ACS nano, 2012. 6(4): p. 3434-3440. 8.Lal, S., S. Link, and N.J. Halas, Nano-optics from sensing to waveguiding. Nature photonics, 2007. 1(11): p. 641-648. 9.Svoboda, K. and S.M. Block, Optical trapping of metallic Rayleigh particles. Optics letters, 1994. 19(13): p. 930-932.

The Mentally Ill in Jail Essay -- essays research papers

The Mentally Ill in Jail The articles inform that more mentally ill people are in jail than in hospitals. According to statistics 159,000 of mentally ill are presently incarcerated in jails and prisons, mostly of crimes committed because they were not being treated. Some of them become violent and may terrorize their families and neighborhoods. Tragically, most of those instances of incarceration are unnecessary. We know what to do, but for economic, legal and ideological reasons, we fail to do it. The deinstitutionalisation of the severely mentally ill in the 60ties qualifies a as one of the largest social experiments in American history. In 1995, there were 558,239 severely mentally ill patients in the nations public psychiatric hospitals. In 1995, the number has been reduced to...

Integrity, Confidentiality and Professional Behavior of Internal Auditors

Integrity According to The Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA), â€Å"The integrity of internal auditors established trust and thus provides the basis for reliance on their judgement†. IIA further added that to be integrity, internal auditors: * Shall perform their work with honestly, diligence, and responsibility. * Shall observe the law and make disclosures expected by the law and the profession. * Shall not knowingly be a party to any illegal activity, or engage in acts that are discreditable to the profession * Shall respect and contribute to the legitimate and ethical objectives of the organization.According to the 2009 Global Integrity Survey conducted by Compliance Week and Integrity Interactive, polled more than 150 ethics and compliance executives at global companies worldwide. The survey shown that nearly two-third (64 percent) of respondents use risk assessment specifically to review their integrity risks and to modify their programs as necessary. It also shown tha t 57 percent said their internal auditors have periodically audit their integrity programs and functions.Besides that, the survey shown that nearly 80 percent of respondents commented they use the internal audit function to some extent. Melissa Klein Aguilar (2009) further added that internal audit departments play an important role in ensuring the effectiveness of the company's integrity function. IIA do also issue a guidance says that internal auditors should â€Å"evaluate the design, implementation, and effectiveness of the organization's ethics-related objectives, programs, and activities. Confidentiality According to Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA), confidentiality is one of the four principles that internal auditors are expected to apply and uphold. IIA further explain that under confidentiality's principle, internal auditors respect the value and ownership of information they receive and do not disclose information without appropriate authority unless there is a legal or professional obligation to do so.IIA had also outlined the rules of conduct for confidentiality, in which internal auditors: * Shall be prudent in the use and protection of information acquired in the course of their duties. * Shall not use information for any personal gain or in any manner that would be contrary to the law or detrimental to the legitimate and ethical objectives of the organization. Office of Internal Audit of Wayne State University further elaborates the rules of conduct that internal auditors are expected to follow in compliance with confidentiality's principle.It stated that internal auditors shall: * Not participate in any activity or relationship that may impair or be presumed to impair their unbiased assessment. This participation includes those activities or relationships that may be in conflict with the interest of the organization. * Not accept anything that may impair or be presumed to impair their professional judgment. * Disclose all material facts kn own to them that, if not disclosed, may distort the reporting of activities under review. Be prudent in the use and protection of information acquired in the course of their duties. * Not use information for any personal gain or in any manner that would be contrary to the law or detrimental to the legitimate and ethical objectives of the organization. According to Chartered Institute of Internal Auditors, this principle is pertinent to internal auditors as they have access to a wide range of information and the employing organization needs to be assured that accessed information will be treated confidentially.Internal auditors also gather information through interviews, and interviewees need to feel assured that the information provided will be treated appropriately. Numerous corporate fraud cases happen in recent century such as Enron and WorldCom have triggered not only extensive academic whistleblowing studies, but also have caused legal ramifications that have led to the passage of Sarbanes-Oxley Act in 2002 (Eaton & Akers, 2007; Lacavo & Ripley, 2003). Before this, there are limited studies that have used internal auditors as subjects.This could be because to the argument that the reporting make by internal auditors on corporate wrongdoings is not an act of whistleblowing, but is the role on internal auditor within the ambit of their profession (Jubb, 2000). Xu and Ziegenfuss counter-argue that what Cynthia Cooper (an internal auditor) did in the WorldCom was considered as whistleblowing, this shown that public may perceive that the internal auditor as a whistleblower. Another possibility is because of misperception that whistleblowing only relates to reporting parties outside of the organization (Keenan & Krueger, 1992).According to Eaton & Akers, 2007; Figg, 2000; Keenan & Krueger, 1992; Near & Miceli, 2008, whistleblowing can in fact occur internally or externally. Near and Miceli (1995) argue that internal auditors have higher credibility and power as whistleblower than other organizational members as they are more likely to influence management to terminate wrongdoing. According to The Global Economic Crime Survey conducted by PricewaterhouseCooper (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2009), internal auditing profession is indeed an important role in organizations as most frauds were detected by internal audit.It was supported by Miceli et al. (2008) states compared to other professions, the highest reported observation of wrongdoing was reported by internal auditors. Because of the nature of their works, internal auditors have directly or indirectly seen or confronted many opportunities for corporate wrongdoing and unethical acts to occurs, and the responsibility of disclosure of any wrongdoing is embedded in their job description (Near & Miceli, 1985). Another issue is on whether or not internal auditors should whistleblow when they discover organizational wrongdoings.Internal auditors always face situations that involve conflict of inte rest while executing their dual-role duties (Armold & Ponemon, 1991; E. Z. Taylor & Curtis, 2010). The dual-role duties mentioned here are the role of internal auditors as employed by the organization, which subject to the needs and requirements of their employment, and the role as members of a professional body, they are required to adhere to the profession's ethical requirements.Ahmad and Taylor support the view and assert that the role of internal auditors in providing auditing tasks for their organizational may cause ongoing conflicts. Zhang, Chiu and Wei (2009) argue that the â€Å"disclosing insider information to outsider's breaches obligation to the organization, violates the written or unspoken contract, and elicits damaging publicity†. However, ethically, internal whistleblowing, as opposed to external whistleblowing, is preferred.This is due to severe damage caused by external whistleblowing as compared to internal whistleblowing (Park & Blenkinsopp, 2009). In orde r to avoid the severe damages caused by whistleblowing, Vinten (1996) has suggested that an organization may minimize the risk by internalizing the whistleblowing procedure as part of the corporate communications. By having a proper whistleblowing procedure, organizations stand to benefit from actions of whistleblowers that may cause further substantial adverse consequences such as loss of sales, costly lawsuits and negative publicity.Professional Behaviour The general public demand professional accountants maintain a high ethical standard in order to maintain public confidence in the accountancy profession (Gordon Kiernander, 2009). The ethical principles that guide the work of auditors are listed as follows: * Integrity * Objectivity * Professional Competence and Due Care * Confidentiality * Professional Behavior (Farid Kerimov, 2011)Then, the professional behavior has been defined as high expectations for the auditing profession include compliance with laws and regulations and av oidance of any conduct that might bring discredit to auditors' work, including actions that would cause an objective third party with knowledge of the relevant information to conclude that the auditors' work was professionally deficient. Professional behavior includes auditors' putting forth an honest effort in performance of their duties and professional services in accordance with the relevant technical and professional standards (Government Auditing Standards, 2010).The main objective of an auditor is to purvey services at the highest standards of performance to satisfy public interest (Michael C. Knapp, 2009). However, frequently, users don’t have the needful ability to appreciate if the services offered by the auditor are or are not in accordance qualitatively with their requests, reason of which they are forced to accept till the contrary test that the auditors act in a competent and professional way.The guarantee of integrity and professional competency of an auditor c an be assured by the adhesion of them at an ethical code of the profession to which they belong (R. A. Kishore Nadkarni, 2000). If internal auditors or the internal audit activity is prohibited by law or regulation from conformance with certain parts of the Standards, conformance with all other parts of the Standards and appropriate disclosures are needed.Then, IIA’s International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing (Standards) is essential in meeting the responsibilities of internal auditors and the internal audit activity (The Institute of Internal Auditors, 2010). According to IIA’s International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing (Standards) Internal auditing is conducted in diverse legal and cultural environments; within organizations that vary in purpose, size, complexity, and structure; and by persons within or outside the organization.While differences may affect the practice of internal auditing in each enviro nment, conformance with The IIA’s International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing (Standards) is essential in meeting the responsibilities of internal auditors and the internal audit activity (The Institute of Internal Auditors, 2010). Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing differentiate among the varied responsibilities of the entity, the internal audit department, the director of internal auditing, and internal auditors.The responsibilities as a consultant or internal auditor are listed as follows: I. Internal auditors should be independent of the activities they audit. II. Internal audits should be performed with proficiency and due professional care. III. The scope of internal auditing should encompass the examination and evaluation of the adequacy and effectiveness of the organization’s system of internal control and the quality of performance in carrying out assigned responsibilities. IV.Audit work should include p lanning the audit, examining and evaluating information, communication results, and follow up. V. The Director of Internal Auditing Should Properly Manage the Internal Audit Department. (IIA Standards, 2010) The Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 (the Act) amended the Employment Rights Act 1996 and created a right to redress, enforceable by tribunal, in the event of unfair discrimination or dismissal by one’s employer as a result of â€Å"whistleblowing† – making a disclosure in the public interest.The Act sets conditions as to the subject matter of the disclosure, the motivation and beliefs of the worker, and the person(s) to whom the disclosure is made (Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998). According to Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998, the purposes of the act are: I. It aims to help prevent such disasters and corporate malpractice in general by encouraging workers with relevant information to come forward responsibly. II.The Act seeks to achieve this by o ffering a right to redress in the event of victimization if workers raise their concerns in the ways specified in the legislation. III. It is also hoped that the Act will promote a change in culture amongst employers, and encourage them to establish procedures to receive disclosures in good faith and act on them appropriately. The scope of the Act includes disclosures which, in the reasonable belief of the worker, show one or more of the following, taking place either in the past, the present, or likely to take place in the future: * A crime; Breach of a legal obligation (regulatory, administrative, contract law or common law); * Miscarriage of justice; (for which the appropriate prescribed person in England and Wales is the Chief Executive of the Criminal Cases Review Commission); * Danger to health and safety; (for which the appropriate prescribed person is the Health and Safety Executive, or the relevant local authority); * Damage to the environment; (for which the appropriate pr escribed person in England and Wales is the Environment Agency); or * Attempts to cover up such malpractice.Apart from that, whistleblowers making an external disclosure to a prescribed person, instead of to their employer or via internal procedures, will be entitled to redress under the Act in the event that they suffer unfair discrimination or dismissal provided they: * make the disclosure in good faith; * reasonably believe that the information, and any allegation it contains, are substantially true; and * reasonably believe that the matter falls within the description of matters for which the person is prescribed.

Mandinka Empire - 21578 Words

Bound to Africa: the Mandinka Legacy in the New World Schaffer, Matt. History in Africa, Volume 32, 2005, pp. 321-369 (Article) Published by African Studies Association DOI: 10.1353/hia.2005.0021 For additional information about this article http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/hia/summary/v032/32.1schaffer.html Access Provided by your local institution at 03/10/13 1:43PM GMT BOUND TO AFRICA: THE MANDINKA LEGACY IN THE NEW WORLD MATT SCHAFFER I I offer here a theory of â€Å"cultural convergence,† as a corollary to Darwin’s natural selection, regarding how slave Creoles and culture were formed among the Gullah and, by extension, supported by other examples, in the Americas. When numerous speakers from different, and sometimes†¦show more content†¦Curtin notes that slave-buying proclivities in the Charleston slave market, emphasizing Mande and including the Mandinka of Senegal and Gambia, might have caused other states such as Virginia to have a slight preference for Senegambian slaves as well. When Curtin’s Table 45 speculates that 13.3% of all slaves imported to North America were from Senegambia, 5.5% from Sierra Leone, and 11.4% were from the Windward Coast or Liberia, he emphasizes the regions of west Africa where large numbers of Mande still live today, including Mandingo, Mende, Malinke, Maninke, Mandinka, Susu, Bambara, Vai, and Dyula among others, distributed among non-M ande groups.3 How many Mande or Mandinka were really in these percentages? The linguistic map showing which ethnic groups in west Africa speak Mande-related languages is immense, with many groups on the coasts or relatively near slave ports.4 Of course the vast area of eastern Mali—the heartland—contains Mande-speakers. But from here the influence spread out all along the 2 3 4 Curtin, 1969:156-57. His numerous sources include the work of Elizabeth Donnan. Ibid. Vydrine/Bergman 2001. The Mandinka Legacy in The New World 323 Gambia River, the Pakao region of southern Senegal, northern Guinea-Bissau, major regions of Guinea and Sierra Leone, significant territory in Liberia, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, and even a border area of northwestern Nigeria. The seeming fragmentation of the Mande among so manyShow MoreRelatedSamore Toure Mandinka Empire3953 Words   |  16 Pagesbegan to amass a personal following in the mid-1850s, establishing a military base on the Upper Niger. By 1870 his authority was acknowledged throughout the Kanaka region of the River Milo, in what is now eastern Guinea. By 1880 he ruled a vast Dyula empire, from the Upper Volta in the east to the Fouta Djallon in the west, over which he attempted to create a single Islamic administrative system. His imperial ambitions clashed with those of the French and there were sporadic battles between 1882 andRead MoreAfrican Kingdoms and Empires2360 Words   |  10 PagesAfrican Kingdoms and Empires During 400 AD, West Africa witnessed the rise and fall of the indigenous medieval empires of ancient Ghana, medieval Mali, and Songhai. Many other states and kingdoms arose during this time but Ghana, Mali and Songhai achieved the status of fully-fledged, functioning and long-living conquest states and expansionist empires. These empires regulated the Trans-Saharan trade by offering protection for trade caravans as well as taxing slaves, gold, firearms, textiles andRead MoreThe Caravans Of Gold And The King And City1265 Words   |  6 Pagesorganizations. The first empire in West Africa was the empire of Ghana. West Africa has an economic base in gold, 600 years ago. That means that West Africa had a deposit of gold that had brought great wealth to the surrounding people from which great empires emerged. The gold was trade and the trader with camels carried the gold across the Sahara from West Africa to North Africa. From there traders shipped the gold to Europe and to the West Asia. One of the three most powerful empires in West Africa isRead MoreSundiat An Epic Of Old Mali1472 Words   |  6 PagesIn the story of â€Å"Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali,† the male king, as always is the dominant figure. Maghan Kon Fatta, was a Mandinka king who received a divine hunter at his court. The hunter predicted that if he married an ugly woman she would give him a son who would be a mighty king one day. He had three wives and six children, three of which were boys and three were girls, one of his sons was going to take his spot on the t hrone. 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Samory Tourà ©, another great leader of the Mandinka Empire, faced a more vicious and t enacious army that that of the Italians, he faced the French (Talton). As he gains control of territories in Africa, the French push deeper into the country and Britain pushes further north (Talton). In conclusionRead MoreHow Trade in West Africa Encouraged The Spread of Islam1151 Words   |  5 Pagesafterward became the Tukolor and Mandinka Empire, presently Mali, Guinea and Senegal, was created by a Muslim preacher from Futa Toro named al-Hajj Umar. Umar later begun to trade on non-Muslim captives in exchange for firearms but failed to establish a strong administration which would withstand resistance after his demise and the rule of forced conversion onto Islam. In the meantime, to the southern Tukolor, Samori Toure who was a Muslim merchant founded the Mandinka Empire and established a stable administrationRead MoreLong Distance Trade in West Africa856 Words   |  4 PagesAfrican History 18 March 2011 History of Trade Influence in West Africa Trade has played an important role in the history of the West African region. Trade shaped the region in two main ways. Trade worked as a catalyst for the rise of nearly every empire in the region from its’ earliest times to present day. Also, the growth and spread of trade routes brought in an immense amount of culture with it as well. Trade is and has been a reason for organization in all parts of the world from the daysRead MoreJola Initiation Ritual Essay5690 Words   |  23 Pagesoccupation c) a variation (from a given identity target) History * The first recorded history of Senegal begins in the 8th century when Ghana ruled part of Senegal. It stayed a part of the Ghanaian empire until the 11th century. * The remainder of the country was ruled by the Tekrour empire beginning in the 9th century. It soon turned to Islam after the Almoravide raids from Morocco. * The two kingdoms occupying what we now call Senegal became weaker, but a new kingdom the Djolof arose

Tragic Family Relationships in Wuthering Heights by Emily...

Introduction: In 1800 Century, Catherine and Heathcliff grow up together at Wuthering Heights, Catherine family home on the northern English moors. Heathcliff arrives as a gypsy founding. Catherine father Mr. Earnshaw raises him as a son. Catherine is a strong and wild beauty who shares Heathcliff wild nature Alone together on the moors Catherine and Heathcliff feel as if they are soul mates. But to Heathcliff despair outside forces begin to pull them a part. After falling in love with Catherine .She reject him for Edgar Linton who has money and status. Heathcliff run away with Isabella Edgar sister. Heathcliff becomes wealthy and respected. He takes over Wuthering Heights and Thrush cross Grange Heathcliff love Catherine in the story,†¦show more content†¦Ruled by a wish for vengeance, Heathcliff makes the two of them suffer as he has previously suffered under Hindleys cruelty. As part of his revenge, Heathcliff also marries Edgar Lintons sister, Isabella, and cruelly mistreats her. He also unintentionally hastens Catherines death, which is the point of climax for Heathcliff. The unraveling of Heathcliffs revenge forms the falling action. He lures the young Cathy, the daughter of Catherine and Edgar, to his house and forces a marriage between her and his son, Linton. Since Linton is a sickly young man, Heathcliff knows he will soon die, putting Heathcliff in a place to control both Thrush cross Grange and Wuthering Heights. After Lintons death, he forces Cathy to stay on at the Heights, a situation that allows affection to spring forth between her and Hareton. She does her best to educate him and eventually falls in love with him. Heathcliffs desire for revenge eventually wears out, and he allows Cathy and Hareton to pursue their relationship. All Heathcliff longs for now is death, which will at last reunite him with. Authors Style: Evaluation of technical skills used for enriching the structure and the revival of the goal of the novel. - To clarify the meaning of the symbols and images in the novel and aesthetic judgment to the extent it relates to strengthening the effectiveness and objectivity in the structure of the novel. - To support the structure of the novel andShow MoreRelatedEmily Bronte s Wuthering Heights Essay1220 Words   |  5 Pagesand literate family background, the Brontà « sisters have both written novels centered on orphans’ pursuits of love that may have challenged civilized society. Emily Jane Brontà « and Charlotte Brontà « are among the six children born to Reverend Patrick Brontà « and Maria Branwell Brontà « (â€Å"Emily Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬ ). The loss of their mother and two eldest sisters resulted in different responses between Charlotte and Emily, while Emily became shyer, Charlotte developed a dominant attitude (â€Å"Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬ ). InitiallyRead MoreWuthering Heights by Emily Brontà «1111 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: Catherine and Heathcliff grow up together at Wuthering Heights, Catherine family home on the northern English moors. Heathcliff arrives as a gypsy founding. Catherine father Mr. Earnshaw raises him as a son. Catherine is a strong and wild beauty who shares Heathcliff wild nature Alone together on the moors Catherine and Heathcliff feel as if they are soul mates. But to Heathcliff despair outside forces begin to pull them a part. After falling in love with Catherine .She reject himRead MoreThe Lives of Emily and Charlotte Brontà «2000 Words   |  8 PagesEmily and Charlotte Brontà « retained exceptional novels throughout history. Their stories captivate the minds of readers alike, taking them to a world of dark, eerie hatred, and overcoming the obstacle faced with love and devotion. However, both sisters have diverse styles of writing. Charlotte Brontà « tends to use more humor through her works, while Emily Brontà « uses more satire along with a sardonic tone. T hey both come together to have somewhat similar themes, making the moral of the story mentallyRead MoreThe Sinusoidal Nature Of Generations1310 Words   |  6 PagesThe Sinusoidal Nature of Generations Emily Bronte’s melodramatic sensational novel, Wuthering Heights, is a heart-rending love story illustrated by a spectator narration. The story consumes the life of two romantic â€Å"soul mates† predestined to never ultimately be together and the impact of their lives on those who surround them. Each novel follows an undefined different story of a sole family. 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Importance of Wireless Technology in Daily Life-Free-Samples

Question: Discuss and describe how wireless technology can enhance daily life. Answer: Introduction Wireless technology or communication deals with the transfer of information among several points, which are not connected physically or by any electrical conductor. Wireless technologies mainly use radio waves or signals for transferring the information. Therefore, in wireless technology, communication relies on wireless signal without the involvement of any physical medium (Makimoto Yamashita, 2013). Wireless technology embarked in early 20th century, with the introduction of radiotelegraphy and Morse code. With the introduction of the process modulation, transmission of voices, music and sounds became possible. The most commonly used wireless technologies include WIFI based LANs, RFID, WiGig, Bluetooth, cellular network, WMAN, satellite and others (Arnon Barry Karagiannidis, 2012). The use of these wireless technologies in various places is elaborated in the following paragraphs. Wireless Technology in daily life Use of wireless technology is increasing day by day and people are becoming more dependent on technology for improving the quality of living. The use of technologies such as LANs, RFID, cellular network, WMAN is increasing day by day. This is because in enhances the quality of work done and makes the work easier. All the mentioned technologies are widely used in business, institutions, home and by individuals in order to make the work processes easier and less time consuming (Brown Green, 2012). WIFI based LAN LAN refers to local area network, which is a collection of computers and certain devices that are connected by a common communication line. WIFI based LAN advanced LAN that uses wireless link to the server as the communication line (Yan, Xiuwan Yubin, 2012). LAN can be used to communicate within an area as small as a single room or as wide as a group of buildings. In Wi-Fi based LANs, the devices use WIFI to connect with the router and to one another as well. These LAN are based on IEEE802.11, which is also known as WI-FI. The major advantage of WI-FI based LAN is that one can control the systems remotely. USE of WIFI based LAN in daily life Wireless based LAN is generally used for setting up a communication line in small or medium places like home, Computer laboratory of the institutions or in small offices. Wireless LAN is extensively used in such places, as it is considerably easier to install. Moreover, it offers maximum speed as it is based on 802.11 standard. RFID RFID or Radio- Frequency identification uses radio waves to read and store the information possibly stored in tag, which is most probably attached with an object. This technology uses small radio frequency for identifying and tracking the devices enabled with a RFID tag. These tags stores information that can be read by the Radio frequency identification. Application of RFID in daily life RFID is generally used in shopping malls, tollbooths, and in IT assets tracking. The RFID tag provides a real time tracking of the objects in the shopping mall and applicable in different payment options. IT assets include devices such as Computers, laptops, notebooks, tablets and other costly peripherals that are the investment and property of a company. Attaching a RFID tags to every devices makes it easier to keep a track of them in large buildings and offices (Dai et al., 2012). WiGig WiGig or wireless Gigabit is an alliance that are researching on achieving a new specification, which will enable the devices to attain speed as high as 7Gbits/s even when operating on the unlicensed 60Ghz spectrum. WiGig is aiming to provide a cable free life. In this technology, all the devices will be connected with each other and will share data within seconds. The communication is done without the involvement of wires and the speed of communication is very high (Azhar, Tran O'Brien, 2013). Application of WiGig in daily life This technology can be used over a short range for attaining maximum speed. Therefore, WiGig is primarily designed for using in home. Data can be transferred at speeds between 7GBps and 10Gbps with the help of ultra wide band. The distance should be less than 2 meters between the two devices for attaining the highest speed of data transfer. Therefore, it is generally used in a place with a very little or no obstacle. This technology will enable the transfer of large files within seconds, which will be very useful in data transfer in those places. Bluetooth Bluetooth is standard of wireless communication within a very short range, with the interconnection of mobile phones, laptops, computers and other electronic devices. It uses point to pint or P2P network topology to communicate with the devises in connection. It is generally use to transfer images, videos and audios. The transfer speed using Bluetooth is relatively slow (Qian Liu, 2012). Bluetooth uses low frequency radio waves to transfer data wireless among the Bluetooth connected devices. Special software embedded within the Bluetooth enabled devices helps in identifying the presence of Bluetooth devices within certain range to create a connection between them. Setting up a connection between the devices is necessary for sending and receiving the data. Application of Bluetooth in daily life Bluetooth can work within a maximum range of 164 feet and hence is used in home, car and in some application. Since the range is very less and the process is very slow, this wireless connection is not used that often. In home, it can be used to control the household appliances, lights, fans, alarms wirelessly. Bluetooth enabled devices attached to cars panel may also help in answering cell phone, play music and using GPS directly from the navigation display of the car (Yan Shi, 2013). Cellular Network Cellular network is a mobile communication network where the last link is wireless. The network is spread over certain areas called cell, which is enabled with a local transceiver and three base stations. These base stations provide the network coverage that is used for transmission of data. When linked together, these cells provide radio coverage over a wide area. Communication using cellular requires a dedicated frequency for every communication (Asadi, Wang Mancuso, 2014). This wireless technology uses radio waves in transmission of data. This technology is the fastest growing technology of communication industry. In cellular technology, the same frequency can be use multiple times in different communications with the help of another towers or receivers. Transmission tower of transmission of the signals are spread throughout a geographical area. Application of cellular Network in daily life The cellular radio network is most commonly used in telecommunication industry. It is capable of transmitting both voice and data. Cellular communication can be used in paging and communication satellites as well. Paging is a simple form of cellular communication where an antenna broadcasts messages to its subscribers (Furht Ahson, 2016). This system is used to enable reliable communication to the subscribers. Cellular technology is therefore, used in all types of mobile phones, Smartphone and even tablets. Introduction of technology such as 4G enables transfer of both voice and Data over cellular network. It has a transmission speed is over Mbps when it is in a stationary position, Mbps for slow moving pedestrians and 20 mbps for fast running vehicles. WMAN WMAN or wireless metropolitan network uses wireless network to establish connection among multiple locations within a metropolitan area such as a city, large office building and Universities. Using WMAN considerably lessens cost of wires in setting up a wired system over a large area. This technology is sometimes used as a backup for wired networks as well. WMAN makes the use of radio waves and infrared lights in data transmission (Zhi-hui, Zhi-xue Hui, 2012). The standards of WMANs are Hiper-MAN, Hiper-ACCESS and 802.16. Application of WMAN in daily life WMAN is used to set up a connection within a large building or an entire city. This technology makes the use of satellite networks, cellular networks and microwave links to set up the connection. Communication or transfer of data is through a large geographical area is possible with the use of WMAN. Satellite Satellites are used for many functions such as communication satellite, weather satellite, military satellite or navigation satellite. A communication satellite is a satellite that transfers and amplifies radio telecommunication signals generally with the help of a transponder (Gagliardi, 2012). This technology sets up a connection between a source and a receiver at various locations on the Earth. Application of Satellite in daily life Satellite connection is mainly used in the locations where wired connection is not at all feasible and internet connective is absent. Satellites can transmit data over a long geographical area including the whole planet. The transmission time of the satellite communication is generally not more than 250 milliseconds (Ippolito, 2012). Satellite communication is used to transfer data from one earth station to another. This type of communications is generally handled through dedicated third party providers. The extensive use of Satellite communication is in Global Positioning System or GPS. Satellite radio is another example of data communication. In communication satellites, large transponders capture a radio frequency and rebroadcast it after amplifying the signal to another frequency. These communications generally have a propagation delay due to an involvement of large geographical distance. Conclusion Thus form the above discussion, it can be concluded that Wireless technology is extensively used all over the globe. It has a wide range of application and benefits. It provides the freedom from wires and cables. Moreover, the installation of these technologies is simple and cheaper with a lesser maintenance cost. It increases the reliability of data transfer and communication. Elimination of wires and cables from the system helps in attaining this reliability. However, there are some issues in the wireless network as well, such as are radio signal interference. Moreover, it is very necessary to enable additional layers of security in these systems, as it is easier to steal data from a wireless network. Wireless technology is the most advancing technology of the world. Wireless technology can be used in future for interconnecting different offices and institutions with each other. Moreover, technology such as RFID has made it easier to keep a track of items and in developing easier p ayment system. References Arnon, S., Barry, J., Karagiannidis, G. (Eds.). (2012). Advanced optical wireless communication systems. Cambridge university press. Asadi, A., Wang, Q., Mancuso, V. (2014). A survey on device-to-device communication in cellular networks. IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials, 16(4), 1801-1819. Azhar, A. H., Tran, T., O'Brien, D. (2013). A gigabit/s indoor wireless transmission using MIMO-OFDM visible-light communications. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 25(2), 171-174. Brown, B., Green, N. (Eds.). (2012).Wireless world: Social and interactional aspects of the mobile age. Springer Science Business Media. Dai, Q., Zhong, R., Huang, G. Q., Qu, T., Zhang, T., Luo, T. Y. (2012). Radio frequency identification-enabled real-time manufacturing execution system: a case study in an automotive part manufacturer. International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 25(1), 51-65. Furht, B., Ahson, S. A. (Eds.). (2016). Long Term Evolution: 3GPP LTE radio and cellular technology. Crc Press. Gagliardi, R. M. (2012). Satellite communications. Springer Science Business Media. Ippolito, L. J. (2012). Radiowave propagation in satellite communications. Springer Science Business Media. Makimoto, M., Yamashita, S. (2013). Microwave resonators and filters for wireless communication: theory, design and application (Vol. 4). Springer Science Business Media. Qian, Z. H., Liu, D. (2012). Survey on data transmission in Bluetooth technology. Journal of China Institute of Communications, 33(4), 143-151. Yan, M., Shi, H. (2013). Smart living using Bluetooth-based Android smartphone. International Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks, 5(1), 65. Yan, M., Xiuwan, C., Yubin, X. (2012, March). Wireless local area network assisted GPS in seamless positioning. In Computer Science and Electronics Engineering (ICCSEE), 2012 International Conference on (Vol. 3, pp. 612-615). IEEE. Zhi-hui, F., Zhi-xue, Z., Hui, W. (2012, August). A vertical handoff algorithm application to the integration of WLAN and WMAN wireless heterogeneous networks. In Computational and Information Sciences (ICCIS), 2012 Fourth International Conference on (pp. 803-806). IEEE.