Law Revision Kit Certified Public Accountants Essay Example for Free

Law Revision Kit Certified Public Accountants EssayALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any(prenominal) form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. This publication may not be lent, resold, hired or otherwise disposed of by any way of trade without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. THE REGISTERED TRUSTEES STRATHMORE EDUCATION TRUST 1992INSTRUCTIONS FOR STUDENTSThis study guide is intended to assist Distance encyclopedism students in their independent studies. The course has been broken down into eight lessons each of which should be considered as approximately one week of study for a integral time student. Solve the reinforcement problems verifying your answer with the suggested solution contained at the back of the distance learning pack. When the lesson is completed, repeat the same procedure for each of the future(a) lessons.At the end of lessons 2, 4, 6 and 8 there is a comprehensive assignment that you should complete and submit for marking to the Distance Learning administrator.SUBMISSION physical process1.After you have completed a comprehensive assignment clearly identify each question and number your pages.2.If you do not understand a ploughshare of the course content or an assignment question indicate this in your answer so that your marker can respond to your problem areas. Be as specific as possible.3.Arrange the order of your pages by question number and fix them securely to the data sheet provided. Adequate postage must be attach to the envelope.4.While waiting for your assignment to be marked and returned to you, continue to work through the next two lessons and the corresponding reinforcement problems and comprehensive assignment.On the completion of the move comprehensive assignment, a two-week period of revision should be carried out of th e whole course using the material in the revision section of the study pack. At the completion of this period, the final Mock Examination paper should be completed under examination conditions. This should be sent to the Distance Learning Administrator to commence in Nairobi at least five weeks before the date of your sitting the KASNEB Examinations. This paper will be marked and posted back to you within two weeks of receipt by the Distance Learning Administrator.ACKNOWLEDGMENTWe gratefully acknowledge permission to quote from the past examination papers of the following bodies Kenya Accountants and Secretaries content Examination Board (KASNEB) Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA) Chartered Association of Certified Accountants (ACCA).

Grid Iron Gang Essay Example for Free

Grid Iron Gang Essay1. Clearly identify the movie watched.The movie I decided to watch for this go out was Gridiron Gang.2. What stereotypes or assumptions are do about the ethnic or cultural group?That they are criminals might be juvenile delinquents, uneducated, thugs or confederacy members and that they are trouble makers.3. What is/are the identified come forwards of one of the many pil first basecaseistics? Discuss at least two.Roger weathers was one of the main characters that the movie started out with. One issue was that he had to much clock era to be on the streets. Obviously he did because the movie started out with him being in the juvenile detention center. With all this time it allowed him to be out wondering the streets committing crime but also mix with the wrong people. The second issue was that he was a known gang member. one time he was released, he went right back to that same modus vivendi and ran into around friends that were in trouble and he got k illed.4. Discuss at least one system of delinquency and how it might apply to one or more of the characters in the film?In the book there are psychological theories. Psychoanalytic attempt is a theory is composed as a structure with three parts, the id, ego and super ego. The id is the part of ones personality that is comprised of unconscious biological and psychological desires and instincts. The ego is the part of ones personality that represents the identity of the actual behavior. Finally, the superego is the part of ones personality that represents the conscience and moral character of the individual. If the id is stronger than the superego, delinquency is more likely to occur. I believe that this theory applies to Kenny bates in the film because he stole a car. I dont return he needed the car, he just wanted it. Also I think it applies to bug wendal because he robbed an old woman for her money.5. What are some of the jeopardy and protective factors you can identify for one or more of the characters in the film?For Roger weathers some risk factors I could come up with are low involvement in the four key areas, gun possession, chronic truancy, police trouble and gang membership. I could not think of any protective factors for him. For Willie weathers some risk factors I came up with were low involvement in the four key areas, violence and aggression, gun possession and gang membership. I could not think of any protective factors for him as well. I couldnt think of any protective factors for either of the characters because we get to see the home life of Willie and it doesnt calculate to be so much of a happy home. The mother seems to get beaten by her boyfriend and Willie seems as if he has all the free time to run around in a not so good neighborhood. As for roger, Im just guessing its the same lifestyle for him since he also participated in a gang and in criminal activity.6. Did the movie give you hope or inspiration? Or did you feel disturbing and depressed? Why and how?The movie gave me hope and inspiration. I felt good about the outcome of it. It ended happy and the juveniles all played the football spunky with all their heart. Its because in the beginning they didnt seem to work well together, getting in fights and not playing as a team. passim the movie they kept getting closer and closer and playing better together and when they really needed to they pulled it through in the end and won that game. It made me look at them different even though they its not real life.. The stragedies and whole thought of the delinquents coming together and accomplishing something they all wanted in custody, was a wonderful thing.

Advantages Of Digital Technology

Advantages Of Digital TechnologyDevelopment of in puddleation systems and technology has evolved a enactment of changes in authorized trends and patterns of technology. Development of technology has evolved with tuition of digital technologies and wound knells in current mart scenario. The following project is a study of digital technology as a new insertion in the information technology sector. The above part is salubrious explained with the cooperate of various examples defining the above statement as there is tremendous development in development of various smart phones. The analysis has been drawn after researching from various books, meshworksites and scholarly articles and critical analysis is being provided for the equivalent.Digital Technologies Over-view(Source 1www.hypersounds.es)Digital describes electronic technology that generates, stores, and processes data in terms of two states positive and non-positive. Positive is expressed or represented by the identific ation number 1 and non-positive by the number 0. Thus, data transmitted or stored with digital technology is expressed as a string of 0s and 1s. Each of these state digits is referred to as a bit (and a string of bits that a computer stool address individually as a group is a byte). (www.searchcio2mid market place.techtarget.com)ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGYWe lead understand whatever of the usefulnesss of the digital technology in brief which will cooperate to understand the concept in clear.Quality Advantage The storage of digital as well visual information remains constant with the digital quality. Whereas the analog gets corrupted or duplicated if the signal is lost. Even in terms of digital quality it does non suffer from problems corresponding analog signals or transmission of data.Editing Advantage Non-linear editing allow taking piece of digital information along with re-arranging them at without any loss of quality. Splice of tape is moreover difficult and damages the original data. It also helps to combine the multiple sources of data into a single source.portable Digital technologies provide portability to the devices of any kind of nature. It gives the device high bar of portability and flexibility to the device. Storage and portability of data is very easy and not complex in nature. This is the most important feature of portable devices. (Laudon Laudon, 2007) writings ReviewDigital technologies are basically put into wont with a variety of physical form of communication like satellites or fiber optic transmission devices.According to Laudon and Laudon (2007) digital signals transfers the information in the form of wave with the help of satellites which has helped todays communication to bring through and grow fast. On the basis of various studies made from different sources smart phones will make more competitive advantage through introducing different digital technological with technological advancement. Digital information is trans formed with the help of a modem in the computer to analog signals and then analog phone signals are reborn into digital information of a computer device or any other device. Even the technological advancement, engineering, re-construction and technological transfer have made smart phones the renowned innovation in this earth.SMART PHONES A DEVICE OF UNLIMITED EXPECTATIONS(www.editorsweblog.org3)The term Smartphone is sometimes used to characterize a wireless telephone designate with special computer-enabled features not previously associated with telephones (www.searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com4)The smart phones are a result of constant development of digital technology in todays market. There are number of companies which make use of digital technology and have come up with a variety of smart phones. The leading companies are Apple Industries, Research in Motion, Nokia, HTC and many more. All these companies have come up with the best possible smart phones which have an unbe lievable features and advantages.Smart phones are usually possess a number of features like Wireless Internet dishs, Personal Information Management, Online Banking facility, Personal Organizer, Digital Camera with Photoshop and much more.ADVANTAGES OF SMARTPHONESThe smart phones are already built in with smart applications as well as loaded with immense features which help to make the smart phones different from other devices.Keeps Organized Smartphones are loaded with applications like personal organizer along with various applications for reminders, calendars as well as task-to-do list and much more which makes an individual organized with information on riff tipsMakes Work Easy- It is to notice that with the help of smart phone, any person can make notes, review their various files and contact on the phone itself fashioning the work more easy and simple.Availability of Information- Smart phones are the devices which can provide almost any kind of information and serve at an y point of time. Information regarding maps and weather report or current news of the market and much more can be easily social through a smart phone.Always in-touch These days most of the smart phones are being built specially to support social networking sites applications like facebook, twitter, and g-talk messenger. A person can stay in touch with all their people at all the time without any problem. Even it includes furrow man as these kinds of features are much required in their day-to-day working. (Chaffey, 2009)Information Sharing With the use of smart phones more data can be sent and get with the help of email with big attachments can be shared this instant with the help of these smart phones. These features are being analyzed by businessmen as they need such applications in their phones for their daily work.Faster Communication-Smart phones are the carrier of faster communication. They are built in to support web services which make communication the best. Phones lik e iphones and Blackberry have this facility where the web services is like a carrier and it is always in use which makes the phone different from other devices.Functionality Many models offer built-in digital cameras with immediate snap and send functionality, so remote workers or offsite staff can instantly photograph and send images or videos of any involvement from suppliers goods to site inspections or damaged warehouse machinery. (5Source www.is4profit.com)A REAL DEBATE ON SMART PHONES TO BE THE coterminous GENERATION DEVICEAccording to the various markets survey and current trends prove that the smart phones are presently the best possible digital device on tap(predicate) in the market. Understanding the current scenario is quite clear that even presently smart phones are the best available digital device. But certainly some changes and development has to be made. Smart phones are the devices which are useful to different kinds of people irrespective of the profession or po sition. It makes work easy with faster essence of communication in all purposes. According to the current marker share Overall, smart phone vendors shipped 54.7 million units in the first quarter, up 56.7 percent from a year ago. Smartphones accounted for 18.8 percent of all mobile phones in the first quarter, up from 14.4 percent in 2009. (Source www.zdnet.com6)This proves by itself that there is a very high amount of competition mingled with companies manufacturing smart phones as in the time to come smart phones would be the most important available device to use for an individual. division BE-Commerce(Source www.makemoneyideas.in)7As per (Fox, 2009) e-commerce simply means that an individual or a group of people are conducting their business with the help of electronic medium. This method of doing business is getting very much popular nowadays and that is because of the increasing importance of internet and also customer are getting net savvy or to be more precise, this is th e new way of doing any business to get more appeal and customers are getting something new to experience.This is the way collectable to which, they can get more information regarding the growths by sitting at their home, and also at the same time they might have their stores at the high streets only when for something more to offer to the final consumers they might be doing their business online. The other example of E Commerce is eBay and amazon. This is the organizations, which do their business completely online and they do not have their stores running on the high streets. (Fitzsimmons, 2007)Types of EcommerceBusiness-to-consumerThis is the type of business where they interact directly with the consumers. The best example is Dixons.Business-to-businessThis is the type of business where they need to interact and craftiness with other businesses. For examples, Tesco by using information communication technology manage its all aspects of supply chain such as to supports patter ns of repeat orders, delivery and payments between the company and its major suppliers.Consumer-to-consumerThis type of ecommerce occurs between individuals which involves forms of cash commerce normally for low cost goods or services. The classic example of C2C ecommerce is Ebay.wandering commerceMobile commerce is the ability to conduct or operate the commerce using a mobile device such as smartphones personal digital service and other emerging mobile devices. Mobile commerce represents small fraction of total e-commerce transactions.Web 2.0 Technologies(Source www.xtreamtechnologies.com)8Web 2.0 is mainly linked with the application related to the web that would very facilitate sharing of information, design that is user centre in nature and also include partnership with World Wide Web. It includes RSS feeds, social bookmarking, weblogs, folksonomies and wikis.Literature ReviewAs per Fox (2009) it can be described as the new tools in the internet that actually creates the idea that all of the people would use the internet media and also at the same time would use the web should not just use it as and when it is required by them but instead they need to contribute actively that would actually help to customize technology and media to fulfill their needs and also for their society.It is said that new technology is being substantial which is very useful for the existing and new business to flourish. It mostly promises to help and prove to be very much productive to those firm that are not focused on the profits but instead they help to improve the standard of living.Importance of e-commerce and web 2.0 technologies for online businessIt is quite common that internet is the thing that drives business in its true sense. Also apart from this, there are many other things that would help the organization to stay competitive in the market and so there is more and more need for violate use of the internet so that they are able to achieve their organizational goa ls and objectives within a short span of time and to make it fundamentally strong.Web 2.0 is the element that would add or is referred as the trend is the very much developing in todays business world. It mainly facilitates and increases their creativity, sharing of their information, and also at the same time, it is easy form tem for effectively communicating. If the business can use it successfully, it can prove to be very much productive for the organization. (Mc Leod, 2007)Role of e-commerce web 2.0 technologies Case study of eBayThe most important feature of ecommerce is its utility in whole global market scenario. Because of its online facility consumers or manufacturers need not face any major trade barriers. The other main part of the business is they can do the trade all round the clock and without any sort of disturbance to both the parties.The other thing that they need to do is, eBay has actually taken full advantage of the ecommerce and they had come about with the ne w products with detailed overview and presentation in the right format so that, so that more sales can be through with(p) in a short span of time.Apart from this, eBay was able to cater to any market in any geographical location due to better use of the internet as and when it is required by the business. There was also a low amount operational cost involved. There was also no special need for physical company that needs to set up by every customer. (Spencer, 2006)Customers were getting chance that they can select any given up product at any given point of time. They were able to cater to local market specially. EBay started with the business that was easy to start with and also at the same time, was easy to manage.Role of e-commerce web 2.0 technologies Case study of AmazonAmazon is also one of the biggest online business organization which focuses is selling the product online or with the help of ecommerce. Ecommerce is the only way by which they have been successful in the cur rent market place and they have developed their business at a big space after a dotcom bubble.Amazon also uses web 2.0 technologies to serve their customer in a much better way. As per (Nilson, 2010) it is the way by which, they have been able to attract number of consumers and also to market their products in a smarter way. With the help of web 2.0 technologies it was possible for them to use the video to show the attest of their product. This is very much useful when the customers are from different place and would like to see how the product looks like and how does it actually work. So this was possible only with the help of the web technology.Tagging is also one of the ways which Amazon is very much successful in using it due to which the customers are able to find the product in a quick manner and without writing any sort of major descriptions.It would also make it possible that a customer can actually compare between two different products. This would give them an additional service and also at the same time, clients can make use of the best election product. Amazon was successful after implementing the technology. (Fitzsimmons, 2007)CONCLUSIONAs it is the world of digital technology and e-commerce, digital signals help for the transmission of information as per needed and required. The rapid technological advancement, transfer, changes and specification has made the world a unit home. The latest development in terms of technology or development of smart phones will make it easier to do quality activities with high security, obligation, co-relation, justice. Radical changes have been noticed after the implementation of such technologies, as is the case in success of eBay and Amazon making it possible to instantly buy or sell online and boost the business.The possibility of better performance and business by organisations like eBay and Amazon due to development of web 2.0 technologies and e-commerce is for sure to widen and achieve more competitive a dvantage in coming days. Similarly, as already proven by current trends smart phones will achieve wider sophisticated market in the world of business competition. Overall technological innovation like web 2.0 and smarts phones are sure to extend far beyond in the ever increasing world of tough completion.ReferencesChristopher M. Spencer, (2006), The eBay entrepreneur, published by Kaplan Publishing, USA.Chaffey, D. (2009), E-business and E-commerce Management Strategy, Implementation and Practice, (4th Edition) Harlow/FT Prentice Hall.Fitzsimmons, J.A Fitzsimmons, M.J. (2007), Service Management Operations Strategy, Information Technology, (6th Edition) Singapore, McGraw Hill International Edition.Kevin Nilson, (2010), Web 2.0 Fundamentals for Developers, (1st Edition), Published by Jones and Barlett, Sudbury, UK.Laudon, K and Laudon, J (2007). Management Information Systems Managing the Digital Firm, (10th Edition) Pearson trainingMc Leod, R. (2007) Management Information Systems , (10th Edition), Prentice Hall Publishing.Scott C. Fox, (2009), E-riches 2.0 next generation marketing strategies for making millions online, Published by Amacom Books, New York.http//makemoneyideas.in/Ecommerce.php, Assessed on 04 December 2010http//xtreamtechnologies.com/Web_Development.html, Assessed on 05 December 2010http//searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid183_gci211948,00.html Assessed on 01 December 2010http//www.hypersounds.es/index_en.html Assessed on 01 December 2010http//searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/smartphone Assessed on 02 December 2010http//www.is4profit.com/business-advice/it-telecoms/smartphones/the-benefits-of-smartphones.html Assessed on 01 December 2010http//www.zdnet.com/blog/btl/apple-iphone-smartphone-market-share-surges-rim-slips/34181 Assessed on 3 December 2010http//www.editorsweblog.org/multimedia/2010/02/smartphone_sales_soar_in_2009.php Assessed on 3 December 2010

The cost of the Vietnam War

The cost of the Vietnam WarThe united recites Military took part in the Vietnam War, which started in 1957 and stop in 1975. At that time of fight Vietnam was divided into North Vietnam (Communist system) and South Vietnam (non communisticic). North Vietnam didnt want the U.S. to support South Vietnam. South Vietnam took U.S. help to make Vietnam champion nation.When Harry Truman was president, the united States had established a doctrine called containment. Originated by George Kennan and other diplomats and policy advisers, the policy of containment aimed non to fight a determined war with the communist Soviet Union, but instead to narrow collectivism and the Soviet Union to their existing boundaries.This containment led directly to the Vietnam War. The Soviet Union was determined to expand communism on the rest of the world. Communist g overnments would without doubt be part of Soviet kingdom but according to the doctrine of containment there could be no such(prenominal ) thing as a neutral, one nation. It must be either part of the Soviet Union or Unites States.So, the belief was that all nations must be associated with either the United States or the Soviet Union. The United States was afraid of spreading of the communism, but the doctrine of containment made it difficult to see nations as separate, as places with polar cultures, different problems, and different histories.The Vietnam was part of French Indochina in 1946. The Vietnamese fought with French to get their independence. Military equipment was provided by the United States still French were defeated in 1954. Then Vietnam was divided into North and South Vietnam.The war was mainly between the South Vietnamese and North Vietnamese known as the Viet Cong from 1957 to 1965. The military was provided by United States. The U.S. promenade went to Vietnam in March 1965. They did most of the fighting with North Vietnam until 1969. By the end of 1969, the War seemed never-ending. Gradually Uni ted States began to pull out U.S. military.In January 1973, a negotiating meeting was arranged. Two months later last U.S. troops left Vietnam. Even though the fighting between North and South Vietnam resumed soon afterwards, U.S. troops did not return. On April 30, 1975, South Vietnam surrendered to North Vietnam and ended the war.The American military was not defeated in Vietnam. The American military did not lose a battle of any consequence. From a military standpoint, it was almost an unprecedented performance. (General William Westmoreland quoting Douglas expressway, a professor at the University of California, Berkley a renowned expert on the Vietnam war) WestmorelandProfessor Pike does not categorically state that the United States did not lose the war in Vietnam however, I believe that his comment is generally understood to mean that the United States did not lose the war. electric chair Nixons secretary of defence James Schlesinger regretted that the military had too many restraints placed upon it during the war. Generals Maxwell Taylor and William Westmoreland lamented that they could have won the war if scarcely the American people had not succumbed to a failure of will. Historian Henry S. Commanger like other humanists was sickened by the immorality by events taking place in Vietnam during the war stated, in part, that some wars are so deeply immoral that they must be preoccupied, that the war in Vietnam was one of these warsHere we have deuce viewpoints as to whether or not the war was won or lost. The first point is by Professor Pike, who seems to believe that the United States did not lose the war in Vietnam. The second viewpoint is expressed by James Schlesinger, Generals Taylor and Westmoreland and Henry Commanger. The comments by Secretary Schlesinger, Generals Taylor and Moreland seem to indicate that the United State did lose the war. maven of Saigons wartime prime ministers, Nguyen Kao Ky, took an exceptional position among Vietnamese veterans living in the United States. He saw the roll of hearts and minds in Saigons defeat. In his book How We wooly-minded the War in Vietnam he described the U.S. role in Vietnam as misguided and naive concerning the opinions of the common Vietnamese Macros History the world reportThe most historied nationalist leader in the twentieth century was Ho Chi Minh, born in 1890 to a low-level government employee. At the time of macrocosm War I, Ho travelled to Europe and joined other Vietnamese to plead for independence. The Communists seemed to be the only political force to strongly disapprove colonialism, so Ho and other nationalist joined the Communist party.In 1930 and 1931 the French brutally suppressed a Vietnamese uprising, killing 10,000 and deporting 50,000. In 1940 and 1941 the Japanese took over Vietnam but left collaborating French officials in charge. The Vietnamese, including Hos Communists went underground, enforced China as a base and in 1941 organized the Viet Min h. In the final days of world War II Viet Minh guerillas fought Japanese troops and worked with the United States. Ho sent formal messages to Washington describing himself as the George Washington of Vietnam and often mentioned the American Declaration of independence and the Atlantic Charter. In August 29th, 1945 the Viet Minh organized the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) and established headquarters in Hanoi. Vietnam seemed closer to independence than ever in the beginning.In the fall of 1944 State Department officials told President Roosevelt that Indochina and South east Asia were potentially important markets for American exports. Roosevelt never formulated exact plans for Indochina, so the French, with British and American military help, returned to Vietnam. They were not welcomed. Abandoned by the United States, receiving no support from Russia and now facing French forces the Viet Minh accepted a compromise with France in March 1946. Viet Minh and French soldiers clas hed in December.One French bombardment of Haiphong killed several thousand civilians. The Viet Minh responded with guerilla terror. For the next eight years, Vietnam was wrecked by bloody combat, with the French holding the cities and the Viet Minh in the countryside.When Richard Nixon became President in 1969 he stated a plan Vietnamization that would end the war. He bombed North Vietnam, and in 1972 U.S. air power encouraged Vietnam to establish an agreement with the United States. The U.S. part of the agreement was that it would pull its troops out of Vietnam and take apart its bases. According to the agreement, the U.S. could replace arms, on a one-to-one basis, that had been supplied to the Saigon regime. President Nixon planned to use air power again to discourage Vietnam if they violated the agreement.U.S. citizens were turning against United States involvement in Vietnam War. They were influenced by what they saw on television including children running from bombings. The U. S. carnal knowledge responded to the change in public opinion on the war, and it voted for restrictions on material support to the regime in Saigon.During the ten year period that followed the military predominate of the communist forces in Vietnam, the much feared spread of communism to other nations in the Far East did not happen. Thailand, Burma, Indonesia or the Philippines did not follow communism. A communist force had taken power in Cambodia but did not remain in power long. Neither did the Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia in opposition to that communist force.Few lessoned were learned by the United States in this war. One was the removal of terror bombing. The second lesson was to restrict access for journalists and with military-led television. And the third lesson was that no U.S. troops should be committed to battle without a clear goal, a feasible plan and public support.Facts about the end of the war The 140,000 evacuees in April 1975 during the fall of Saigon consis ted almost exclusively of civilians and Vietnamese military, NOT American military running for their lives. There were almost twice as many casualties in South east Asia (primarily Cambodia) the first two years after the fall of Saigon in 1975 then there were during the ten years the U.S. was involved in Vietnam. 1996 Information Please AlmanacMore helicopter facts about 12,000 helicopters saw action in Vietnam (all services). Army UH-1s totalled 7,531,955 flight hours in Vietnam between October 1966 and the end of 1975. Army AH-1Gs totalled 1,038,969 flight hours in Vietnam. VHPA databasesAround Fifty thousand Americans lost their lives. The losses to the Vietnamese people were awful. The financial cost to the United States comes to something over $150 billion dollars. Americans who lost their lives in war have their names engrave on a black granite wall. This is called the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, located in Washington, D.C. There are the around 58,000 Americans who paid the supreme sacrifice in the service of their country in Vietnam.References1996 Information Please Almanac 1995 Information Please Almanac Atlas Yearbook 49th edition, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston New York 1996, pages 117, 161 and 292.Westmoreland Speech by General William C. Westmoreland before the Third Annual Reunion of the Vietnam Helicopter Pilots Association (VHPA) at the Washington, DC Hilton Hotel on July 5th, 1986 (reproduced in a Vietnam Helicopter Pilots Association Historical Reference Directory loudness 2A)Macros History the world report-http//www.vietnamwar.com/Macros History the world report-http//www.fsmithya.com/h2/ch26.htmVHPA Databases Vietnam Helicopter Pilots Association Databases.

Contentions Of Standpoint Epistemology Sociology Essay

Contentions Of Standpoint Epistemology Sociology EssayThis paper examines the innovation of bandstand epistemology in the field of social science and discusses whether this remains a viable radical panorama on enjoyledge. The focus is placed upon the attitude from the libber viewpoint and the application to sociology. The historical content is examined as a unveiling to fellowship and this is placed into context in the relationship to acquaintance. It is argued as to whether thither continues to be a viable radical perspective on knowledge, both the pros and cons ar examined. Conclusions summarize these points highlighting the describe surfaces of the argument.The concept of bandstand epistemology is based upon the philosophy of knowledge that enables a holistic world-view of the ch wholeenges of oppressed women and the vision of how knowledge provides a platform for social activism, transformation and change. It combines the concept of both a eubstance of knowledge an d a method of conducting research. The womens rightist stall provides a call for political action and a reformation agenda. Dorothy metalworker1was one of the original maidenly theorists who unquestionable standpoint epistemology. Smith focussed heavily on gender studies and talked about ruling texts which examined the power relations in society and the dominance of men in social societies. Smith made the point that the knowledge we sport of women, together with ruling texts that define the relationships are tout ensemble opposite to the experiences of how women are treated in society. Smith focused in on racism and declared that a common bond existed between dim women of all nations as they had experience of oppressiveness, slavery and discrimination. (Johnson 2010)Sandra Harding,2within the context of feminine standpoint epistemology puts forward two distinguished claims (i) Those social positions within the under inside classes has less distortion than those embodied wi thin other classes and (ii) All scientific knowledge is socially situated. She in essence puts forward the argument that the diversity amongst inquirers creates an epistemological advantage. (Rolin 2006).The standpoint epistemology has maintained interest from sociologists over the last thirty years. Despite the criticism involved it has continued to evolve into a wide array of diametric perspectives and viewpoints. The research is considered to be closely aligned to the materialist perspective (the Marxist womens liberation movement view). This provides the research in a much than balanced and realistic stance. Marxist feminism argued a standpoint epistemology that embraced concepts of both knowledge and power as much(prenominal) having emphasis more(prenominal) on process than that of the materialistic viewpoint. A standpoint as such(prenominal) may be defined as the action that we accomplish from a social status perspective. Standpoint research theorists claim that their r esearch is a more expel and rigorous set of results than that of their male counterparts. They believe that womens rightist research suffers from less distortion than male research and as such stands up to better scrutiny. (Pamela Abbott 2005). Standpoint is considered to be an epistemology of transition and as such seeks to find change that aligns with knowledge transfer. It has been widely held that the feminist standpoint possible action, as of today, seeks to find epistemic privilege that supports the pistillate point of view. Harding has condemned the feminist standpoint theorists for attempting to express a single womens perspective (Harding 2004). The condemnation is based upon the fact that theorists fail to consider the complete diversity of the female opinion. In 1991 Harding3stated that there ask to be a reformation of a standpoint that portrays more post modernist standpoints.CONTENTIONS OF STANDPOINT EPISTEMOLOGYIn the context of feminist standpoint epistemology i t is necessary to compare traditionalistic standpoints with that of modern perspectives. Traditionally it was held that science holds that objective, political neutral inquiry that maximises the power in localize to achieve scientific aims. (Cassandra L. Pinnick 2003). Harding argues against this viewpoint stating that objectivity in scientific research is a delusion and as such a contradiction it is further alike rigorous to be objective. (Cassandra L. Pinnick 2003).Abortion is a content area that contains contentions within the context of standpoint epistemology. The feminist standpoint provides linkages between that of experience and knowledge. In nine to achieve a feminist standpoint you need to identify and experience both the struggle and intellectual challenges first-hand. Hence those women who accomplish this have a far sounder perspective than the male researcher. In the contemptuous subject of abortion, those women who have actually experienced the problem will have a profound apprehensiveness of the issues, trauma and prejudice of the process than that of a passive observer. It is the difference between that of specific experience and that of pure perspective.MariAnna4underlines the importance of concrete experience as an important source of information towards a body of knowledge. Sandra Harding stated that feminist epistemology is characterised by the recognition that women are agents of knowledge (MariAnna 2002). Women in general are seen to be more flexible with a fluidity that enables them to multi-task and accomplish multiple events at the same time. MariAnna stated that it is important to distinguish between that of methods and methodology, it is the latter which has deep roots in the epistemology cost to research. Feminist methodology within the approach to inquiry is deeply rooted in those feminist beliefs and theories that provide a more holistic and wider deviate of thinking to the subject matter under review.It has been pointed out by Pamela Abbot et al that there are conflicting areas of knowledge within feminism i.e. that of standpoint epistemology and the concept of post modernization. They have become problematic because they aspire to contain a degree of unity. Abbot argued that an element of relativism remains in the multiple standpoint approaches (Pamela Abbott 2005). That is to say the question remains unanswered as to who is exactly the final arbiter of truth (Pamela Abbott 2005).Abbott et al conclude by saying that within the overall research carried out in her book mainstream sociology becomes inadequate owing to the systematic bias and distortion in male stream knowledge (Pamela Abbott 2005). They argue that a total re-thinking is required in sociological knowledge that embraces the feminist contribution. The transformation is required because historically women have not just been ignored but their infix has been both marginalised and distorted within the overall science. As such advances and contributions made by female researchers and sociologists need to be examined for integration within the overall body of knowledge and process of sociological thinking. It is a transformational step process that requires reformation in do that both concepts and questions become more centric to the issues of the discipline.Shawn Best5looked at research from the standpoint epistemology that examined the power of gaberdine feminists and the attempt to subjugate the knowledge of black women the latter of which has been historically regarded as invalid intellectual knowledge. Interestingly he examined white women in the role of oppression. In addition to the concept of racism and power, in the 1990s attention was drawn towards the gay and lesbian communities and as such the post-modernist Queer Theory emerged. This put forward the argument that biological sex in addition to gender was part of the social construct. As such the possession of certain organs was the type that defined the binary reality of women or man. (Best 2005).Sirmondo6stated that the substitution argument of standpoint theory is that it is based upon a theory of privilege and not merely another different perspective. It examines sexual discrimination from the viewpoint of the female and as such provides a platform in order to become more informed and understand gender issues. As such women are in an improved position to see discrimination from a perspective that eludes males. This becomes more apparent when female activists take political actions to overturn male discrimination. He concludes that those people who see social constraints as oppressive can more easily comprehend those constraints than those who cannot see them. (Sismondo 2010)In recent years sociologists have been somewhat detached in the mainstream philosophy of science. It was David Bloor7who commented that social science remains dispassionate to truth, falsity, rationality, irrationality, success or failure. The desire for d etachment has not only been confined to that of relativism. Others have commented that standpoint epistemology may be more of an escape from the intellectual quicksand of relativism and untenable territory of neutrality and detachment (Iorio 2009). As such the standpoint requires a new examination of objectivity and a movement a charge from what is considered to be intrinsic perspectives.It is considered that most of the contentions that surround standpoint feminism and postmodern feminism are centered on power and agency. The post structural feminists continue to question the enhancer upon the experiences put forward by women. They state that they rely upon the same expressive state of language that under pins liberal feminism. Many of these standpoint theories operate from the put in of fixed truth about the insights made. It is automatically assumed that experience represents both valid and reliable sources of information. These individuals with already fixed identities have l imited experience of oppression. These experiences are articulated in conventional power relations. These power relations have a tendency to fix women to a specific category. (Carole Ruth McCann 2003).By expression of comparison it is useful to examine the international perspectives of contention in standpoint epistemology. The political activism that is surely taking place in modern day chili pepper provides a direct response that has been based upon gender experience. Historically Chilean women have been branded and placed in a specific position in Chilean society, this cosmos termed marianismo (Ttreault 2000). There have been certain criticisms of postmodernism and the movement towards relativism. This in turn has seen many females hybridize the epistemologies in order to deflect the criticism. The approach has travel towards examining different voices and standpoints of feminism. In Chilean society the women are deemed to be very cultured and have different views on a range o f varying subject matter. It is considered that the postmodern feminist perspective has broadened the voice of the Latin American woman and allowed true feminist views to be openly expressed. (Ttreault 2000).It is over the last two decades that there have been significant advances in sociological theory and in particular the many changes in feminist theory. The emphasis world placed upon the areas of gender, identity and subjectivity. Dietz stated that within the many rolls that have took place it has been contested what is the true meaning of feminine citizenship (Dietz 2003)FEMENIST EPSISTEMOLOGYEpistemology essentially refers to the science of knowing and the acquisition of knowledge. It relates to how people understand what they know and draws its source from the disciplines like sociology and psychology. The research fields within this area have given rise to feminist epistemology and the knowledge that specifically applies to women. As such it becomes an approach that summar ises the experience of women and integrating both knowledge and experiences into the female voice. More recent manipulations of the term epistemology illustrate the term has been widened or redefined to include new areas that were previously omitted by traditional research concepts (Alcoff 1993). The historical implications of female epistemology have been based around clashes that involve female liberalism and the oppression of women in society. The need to have their contribution accept and included within the context of the social sciences.Feminist standpoint theories generally put forward the view that gender creates the social differences in epistemology. The aim being to obtain a closer comprehension of how authoritative knowledge is obtained and how female constructive uses can be put forward from marginal standpoints. Historically it has been considered that feminist standpoint theory has remained subordinate to the traditional mainstream philosophy of science. This has cau sed feminists to feel uncomfortable with both their role and contribution in the field of sciences. (Hirschmann 1997)In the journal Hypatia, many feminist empiricists have argued that scientific knowledge is socially situated and as such there is increasing levels of convergence between feminist empiricism and standpoint feminism. The latter has become much more subtle in term of interpreting standpoint claims distinguished from that of views held by feminine empiricists. Sociologists have stated that feminine empiricism is more a way of how scientific claims may be proven as opposed to standpoint feminism which is more related to the field of view of science as a phenomenon. Both views are similar in that they strive towards a greater degree of diversity. (Intemann 2010).Jane Flax argues that psycho analysis, feminist theories and postmodern philosophies are all independent methods of thought, with each being understood in a different way. Each of these has its own perspective o n social issues and transitional way of thinking. Flax describes feminist theory as a delimited area of intellectual discourse where general consensus occurs amongst its practitioners (Flax 2010). Regardless of this there remains a lively debate on those who are identified as feminist theorists. Within this is the importance of analysing gender and the distinction of female issues to that of the male domain. The aim of feminist theories is that of a retrieval vehicle in order to reclaim those aspects in society that have been suppressed or denied by male dominated viewpoints. As such feminist values call for transformative thinking about such items as values, sense of self-worth and the filming of stereotypes by the compartmentalization of women into specific categories and thereby denying freedom of expression.One of the central points in feminist standpoint theory is derived from that of Karl Marxs views on materialism. Feminists have adopted from this philosophy that the concept of power is the main way towards understanding social society. As such there exists a social identity between that of power and gender. The feminist engagement with epistemology tends to represent itself in one of two ways i.e. it is both very closely aligned with postmodernism or aligned with that of epistemology the term female epistemology generally tends to imply that it is lined to the latter term. This in itself creates a degree of stress and conflict between the two forces.Miranda Fricker stated that we can credit feminist postmodernism with making a number of important contributions to social science. Amongst this is the contribution to the intellectual knowledge base and making the general populace more aware of the complexity of social identity. In this sense it is more accurate than that of an onthology that relates purely to class. (Fricker 2000).In current terms it is important to recognise that a large number of women are employed in science, engineering and academi c positions. As such they offer a diverse range of opinions on a wide range of subject matter. The female positions tend to have two distinct types of focus (i) that engaged with the sciences and (ii) that focused upon society. Researchers have emerged from former marginalised groups and as such have had a profound way of changing the pattern of inquiry and thought process. There are unruffled those however that holds the opinion that feminism is a holy terror to the objectivity of science. Sandra Harding pointed out that if all knowledge is socially constructed it will pose a major threat and challenge to science. For example with most scientists the notion that their views of the natural world are subjective is counter to their professional training. (Wyer 2008)Holland et al believe that the notion of a feminist standpoint tends to be more theoretical and political. The reason being the inability to separate politics and the epistemology. They have cited particular differences a ppropriate to realism and those influenced by empiricism. In addition they believe that standpoint feminists are far too influenced by concepts of gender. In making specific judgements or opinions on subject matter, the feminist needs to have a superior knowledge that the theoretical epistemological position if the research is to be formally accepted. (Caroline Ramazanolu 2002)Sandra Hardings8views on Standpoint Epistemology focused more on the concepts of objectivity. Harding advocated a new concept of strong objectivity, as opposed to that of the weak concept which she referred to as objectivism. She stated that objectivity must contain all social values and interests from the research that is carried out. She was aware that certain social values could adversely impact the research and cause potential distortions. As such Harding viewed traditional research concepts and objectivity as the denial of cultures best beliefs (knowledge), whereas the new version fully embraces both poli tical and historical origins.Harding believed that her new theory holds validity, particularly from the feminist standpoint i.e. women are part of an oppressed group and as such they approach research problems in a less arbitrary way. They are more likely to evaluate theories that might otherwise be overlooked or denied by more traditional concepts or viewpoints. Harding states that that the standpoint has a substantial foundation in the empirical experiences of women and although this may not constitute a foundation of knowledge, nevertheless it does create a more diverse contribution leading towards increase objectivity. As such it might be regarded as a hybrid approach, between that of objectivity and relativism. Critics have argued that this is bound to fail because concepts of hybridisation cannot adequately deal with issues of generalisation and as such it will fail to distinguish from that of weak objectivity. (Sandra 2001)One of the most influential people in the field of st andpoint epistemology was that of Dorothy E Smith.9Smith is famous throughout the world as a developer of theories and as such she has advanced the academic position from a feminist standpoint. Smith developed theories and concepts around the subject matter of gender and particularly that of the ruling texts of man. She advocated that many texts were compiled from the male perspective and as such were responsible for defining gender. She further advocated that such rules written by men determined the rules of society and defined the way in which we live and conduct our lives. Amongst the books that Smith referenced were the US Constitution, The Holy leger and the Communist Manifesto. Smith stated that the rulings defined in many of these books were completely opposite to the manner in which women conducted their lives today. Such obsolescence creates the way for transformation of thinking and change in these areas. Ryan B Johnson10(Johnson, Standpoint Epistemology Summary 2010)The ASA11President Patricia Collins12has also been extremely influential in her works on standpoint epistemology. Collins has excelled as a distinguished black professor rising through the ranks dealing with oppression that includes race, class and gender. She emphasises this point in her research and talks about white privilege in feminist society. She has broadened the discussion of gender to include that of racial factors as black women shared a common bond in terms of almost universal oppression. Most black women could recount from their history a record of oppression, slavery and discrimination. This created an even stronger standpoint than that experienced by white women and had a wider impact than other discriminated groups like gays, lesbians and Jews. (Johnson, Standpoint Epistemology Summary 2010).CONCLUSIONSAlison Wylie13maintained that Standpoint theory is grounded in social and political thought. As such the notion of knowledge and epistemology is nothing new. Wylie states the most significant contributions in the area have been made by Sandra Harding and Nancy Harsock. Standpoint theory continues to have a profound impact on social and political thinking to this very day. (Grebowicz 2007). The arguments put forward by the female epistemology practitioners focus upon potential bias and exclusion by their male counterparts. The utilisation has seriously disadvantaged women by (i) excluding them from inquiry (ii) denial of access to epistemic authority (iii)denigrating female cognitive styles and types of knowledge (iv) male dominance that is self-serving and denigrates female contributions as being inferior or insignificant (v) theories of social phenomenon that render womens interests invisible (vi)the production of knowledge that creates class divisions, creates hierarchies or relegates women to that of subordinate roles. (Andersen 2010). Whilst considerable strides have been made towards the resolution of contentions in standpoint epistemology, p articularly in what we refer to as the Western or first world environment on the worldwide scene there still remains a lot of work to accomplish. Females still suffer oppression in such areas as the Middle East, Africa, Asia, Latin America and many Muslim speaking countries. The internet has helped in the creation of a global forum for women to communicate world-wide and talk about experiences, lifestyle, social interaction, oppression etc. Nevertheless despite open access communication we are even seeing examples of where this is being subverted for political power and exclusion of feminine authority. Examples being that of China and certain Middle Eastern countries. Feminist groups have also advocated for the recognition of womens rights on a global scale. However, when this has been approached as a human rights issue it has met with opposition from cultural relativists and liberal human rights activists. It has been viewed as an attempt by western women to expand western cultura l philosophy. The relativists argument being that recognition of womens rights as human rights is linked to that of western imperialism. This view is very misguided because by nature the concept of oppression, racial discrimination, gender issues etc. are universal ones and as such not confined to the west but are global issues for resolution. (Kim 2010)3733

Hyperinflation in Germany during the Early 1920s Essay -- Argumentati

Hyperinflation in Germany during the Early 1920s Imagine that after a lifelong of hard work and saving, you find that your lifesavings will not buy much than one cup of coffee. For a majority of the middle class living in Germany during the early 1920s this was precisely their experience. Of course, not all suffered during this period of hyperinflation. Those who owed silver encouraged their governments expansionary monetary policies, knowing the resulting inflation would effectively cancel their debt. In fact, it was the Reich itself who had the most to gain from inflation, for it was the biggest debtor of them all. In this paper I will show that the German Government did have other options to finance its expenditures aside from simply printing money, but instead decided to implement inflation-causing policies to finance its own debt. I am not saying that the German Government is entirely responsible for the large extent of the inflation, but it certainly did start the f reak rolling. Generally, once inflation starts, it is very hard to stop. It is like a domino effect that continues at faster and faster rates. The German Government should have judgment of the future consequences and reversed its inflationary policies immediately after the war ended, as the other belligerent countries did. It is true that none of the other countries fared well during this interwar period, but at least citizens of other countries didnt find their lifesavings to be utterly worthless. The inflation problem actually began at the beginning of World War I. It was then that the German Government started to accumulate debt and to increase the money supply. Because they thought they would win the war and intended to force the... ...e birth of the Euro), a main priority for the German fundamental Bank had been to keep inflation to a minimum. Works Cited 1) Bartlet, Bruce. The Great German Inflation. Liberty Haven. 1975. http//www.libertyhaven.com/countriesand regions/germany/greatgermaninf.html (3 Dec 2002). 2) Goodman, George. The German Hyperinflation, 1923. Commanding Heights. 1981. http//www.newshour.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/ess_germanhyp erinflation.html (3 Dec 2002). 3) Hardach, Karl. The Political scrimping of Germany in the Twentieth Century. Los Angeles University of California Press, 1980. (16-29) 4) Sommariva, Andrea. German Macroeconomic History, 1880-1979. New York St. Martins Press, 1987. (121-135) 5) Stolper, Gustav. The German Economy 1870 to the Present. New York Harcourt, Brace & World Inc., 1967. (74-93)

The Punishment of Homosexuality in Germany Essay -- Homosexuality Nazi

The Punishment of Homo familiarity in Germany As the Nazis rose to power, they compeled strict laws regarding potent homosexuality for many reasons. The Nazis were primarily concerned with preserving and reproducing people of virginal German blood. Consequently, in order to catalyze the purification of the German population, the Nazis sterilized those who were not fit to reproduce and forced those who were fit to procreate. The Nazis wanted all suitable men and women to produce and bear offspring, however homosexual males would not take part in the male role of reproduction because of their sexual orientation. As a result, many of Germanys two million male homosexuals were imprisoned and/or incinerated for their homosexual acts and desires. In order to further cultivate the population of Aryans, the Nazis tried to construct a heterosexual society by creating or revising new laws and documents that aimed to discriminate male homosexuals. This goal of discrimination wa s an attempt to decline the rate of male homosexuality in order to persuade able men in becoming heterosexual and produce children to support the Volksgemeinschaft. Although female homosexuals existed in Germany, they were not targeted and discriminated against analogous male homosexuals. Male homosexuality pose a greater threat to the Nazis because it was considered to be a waste of procreation for men to be gay. It also posed a greater threat because it went against mans nature-given position to woman. Male homosexuality was also far more hazardous because it posed a righteous threat to the German Volk and its morals. In the report Attacks on Morality presented in the Humanities Core Course Reader (270-273), Prof. Dr Wenzeslaus Graf von Gleispac... ...e fit to produce into reproduction. The Nazis goal of producing a pure bred German blood race contained problems not only with the Jews, but also with the homosexuals within the nation. The homosexuals were g oing against everything the Nazis wanted. Because they were homosexual, they were not able to procreate due to their sexual orientation. Along with their lack of procreating, they attacked the morals of the Volk and degraded the nations image. They didnt want to produce offspring to preserve the nation and was only concerned or so their own pleasure. They also made Germans appear frail and sickening. Because of this, the Nazis had to find a way to keep homosexuals from their nation. And in order to do so, the Nazis created and revised strict laws to relinquish the nation of male homosexual activity to fulfill the ideals of the Volksgemeinschaft.