Internal Analysis of Sab Miller Company Research Paper

Internal Analysis of Sab Miller Company - Research Paper Example The corporate governance is maintained at high standards by the committed directors which they believe to be the base for carrying out their responsibilities effectively. They aim for providing the right leadership and control over the environment to produce the value and even sustain the delivery of value to the entire shareholder of the company. (Ahmed, 2008, pp. 23-25)The corporate governance structure of the company comprises of 15 boards of directors amongst which five are non-executive non-independent directors and six are independent non-executive directors, and two are executive directors Mr.Clark the chief executive and Mr.Wilson the chief financial officer of the company. The chairman of the company is Mr.Manser. The structure of the corporate governance comprises of non-executive chairman, managing director, and some committees like audit, nomination, remuneration, corporate accountability and risk assurance, accountability committee, and the business units. The operations of the board are to set strategic objectives of the group, to determine different investment policies, sets upon performance criteria, and forwards the planning and implementation of those goals along with various policies including the various risk parameters. There are specific matters reserved by the board such as approval of the financial statements, the business strategy being adopted by the group, the plan for the annual capital expenditure, major capital projects, managing the various changes in the group’s management and control structure, various risk management strategy, material investments and disposals, implementing various sustainability and environmental policies, and other treasury policies. The board clearly governs through the elected board committees and monitoring the system. The board applies integrity, accountability, and principles of good governance through all the activities it performs and each of its directors bring independence and ju dgment to the role. By such defined structure, each member of the board are well aware of their responsibilities towards the company’s stakeholders and the board keeps a regular review on the performance and the core governance principles. The executive directors are responsible for proposing various and implementing operational decisions. The non-executive directors contribute to the formulation of strategy, decision making, and forming policies with the help of their knowledge. The audit committee’s responsibilities being to review and challenge the financial statement before final submission to the board, review and examine well the risk management system and internal control environment systems within the group and then carrying out analysis of the group’s overview, to recommend to the board regarding the appointment and removal of external auditors, to check the effectiveness of the internal audit process through focus on charter, staffing, annual work plan s, organizational and reporting structure (SabMiller, 2013).

Children and young peoples work force Essay Example for Free

Children and young peoples work force Essay Understand what is required for competence in own work role. 1.1 describe the duties and responsibilities of own work.W  hats in the contract  hours Lines of reporting  specific roles and responsibilities (behavioural support, supporting children and young people with special educational needs, supporting be;inhgual children and young people0  compliance with policies and procedures of the setting (behaviour, children and young people protection, health and safety, keeping up to date with changing procedures, keeping up to date with changes to practice). 1.2 explain expectations about own work role as expressed in relevant standards.  standards relevant to own work role, eg national occupational standards for childrena care, learning and development ( NOS CCLD),  national occupational standars for learning, development aqnd support services ( NOS LDSS)  -in relation to own duties and responsibilities eg role to expectations to meet standards eg CCLD 202 help to keep children safe, see more:explain expectations about own work role as expressed in relevant standards CCLD 303 promote childrens development LDSS 320 support the needs of children and young people with additional requirements, GCU 6 reflect on, develop and maintain your practice  course apprenticehsip notes  coursework starter  hayley  rough notes  guidelines  to use for when get stuck  in starter pack LDSS 320 support the needs of children and young people with additional requirements, GCU 6 reflect on, develop and maintain your practice

Facebook, YouTube and Twitter: Changing the World Essay example -- Med

Introduction Media and society have always been inseparable. In his article The Mediatisation of Society Theory (Hjarvard 2008), Stig Hjarvard deduced that media simultaneously have become an integrated part of society. This integration, undoubtedly, has brought about changes in societies and media as both sides interact with and affect each other. One of prominent discussion covering this issue is that media have generated a great impact to the way people live. New social media, such as Facebook, YouTube and Twitter with their â€Å"premise of increased engagement, a radical change from mass communication to interaction, from information transmission to dialogue† (Hoffmann & Kornweitz, 2011, p. 32) have made users to be more extrovert, provided them a link to other parts of the world or simply created opportunities to get in touch with someone they never expected before. Hence, the existence of media has plays a significant role in human life today. Thus, these changes do not only happen in today’s societies who are surrounded by technologies brought by vast growth of information and communication channels. In fact, media have revolutionized the human civilization since thousand years ago when people â€Å"had no idea about electricity or alphabets† (Hikmah, 2011). History has proved that the invention of communication tools such as printed media or telephone has encouraged people to extend their influence over people in other areas, spread their ideas or even inspired them to transform the governmental system (Crowley & Heyer, 2011 ). Related to that, the ideas of the very nature of media may bring major effects within the society have captivated the attention of several communication theorists. This concept then called â€Å"Medium Theo... ...na Media Research, 6(1), 86-90. Sloan, J. (1968). UNDERSTANDING McLUHAN: SOME IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SPEECH TEACHER AND CRITIC. [Article]. Speech Teacher, 17(2), 140-144. Sollis, B. (2008). PR 2.0: Putting the Public Back in Public Relations. Retrieved 29 August, 2011, from http://www.briansolis.com/2008/04/pr-20-putting-public-back-in-public/ Stutzman, F. a. H., W. . (2009). Boundary Regulation in Social Media. Paper presented at the AOIR. Retrieved from http://fredstutzman.com/research.html Wallop, H. (2011). Japan earthquake: how Twitter and Facebook helped. Retrieved 12 April, 2011, from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/twitter/8379101/Japan-earthquake-how-Twitter-and-Facebook-helped.html Windah, A. (2005). Impact of Electronic Sinema of "Tangisan Anak Tiri" to Children's Perseption Toward Stepmother Image. The University of Lampung, Bandarlampung.

Unit 3 Distinction 1 McDonalds

Unit 3 Distinction 1 In this assignment I am going to evaluate the concepts and principles applied to the marketing of products by McDonalds and make recommendations. Marketing Concept strengths and weaknesses. Production Concept: The production concept is the process of making and distributing the products to the business outlets. Some businesses only focus on its production process rather than the distribution process. The whole production concept consists of quality control of the product, testing and measurement of the product.The marketing concepts strengths are that it allows McDonalds to focus on specific four stages. McDonalds are able to justify the stages of its products and the business. It enables McDonalds to understand their product specifications, quality of the product, product volume, product appearance and the consistency of the product. The distribution concept enables McDonalds to distribute its products to different outlets within the world and this increased dem and of certain products. With the production/distribution McDonalds can satisfy customers needs regardless to their demographic segment.This shows that they have met their aims and objectives of and these aims and objectives could have further development in order to remain successful in the fast food industry market. In reality the production concept does not really have an impact on McDonalds business activities because they do not really concentrate as they think it is not necessarily to their sector. The reason that McDonalds does not really concentrate on the production concept because it saves them additional money for distribution which is more effective and has a positive impact on McDonalds business.Selling Concept: This is when a business persuades, informs and encourages customers to purchase their products through aggressive promotion. McDonalds uses the selling concept because customers know about their prices and products, that is because it suits every segment, the pr oducts are affordable. Also the promotion techniques McDonalds use are very effective and this increased demand of a product and a larger customer base, this is because McDonalds has always tries to keep customers interest on a high level. McDonalds use vouchers as part of their promotion, these vouchers are often given on busy days in town.These vouchers last for a long while and this increased the customer base because McDonalds base their selling campaign of its overall brand and lifestyle. McDonalds is already successful selling its products because they make people aware of the quality of their products. Also the menu counters are also part of their promotion and this helps customers to have a clear remembrance of McDonalds products because they are descriptive and eye catching. The menu counters helps to give a feel about the product before it is been purchased. This also makes McDonalds business look more distinctive as well.McDonalds segments its market by using policies of cheap prices and by the characteristics of its products. The selling concept plays an important role of McDonalds business because they use aggressive and rational promotion such as advertising to encourage and persuade consumers to purchase a product from McDonalds. The selling concept combines with the marketing mix and promotional mix because McDonalds adapt the products they offer, the price, the place, where it would sell best, and the type of promotion they would need to gain the specific target audience interest.The selling concept increases the brand awareness of McDonalds. With the selling concept it enables McDonalds to increase its customer base because they use different types of methods of promotion to reach its segment and customers have become more familiar with McDonalds brand. For example at the end of 2003 McDonalds launched a new menu called the Pound Saver menu; the menu represents great value and savings on selected items on the menu. The majority of items cost ? 0. 99.This menu was advertised frequently to refer to the price of the menu; this showed that McDonalds is for anyone regardless to their lifestyle. McDonalds obtained an additional customer base and this had a positive impact on sales. Also McDonalds have sponsored past Olympics and this increased the demand of a product especially the Big Mac, they also gained free publicity and this also increases the customer base. This avoids customers to switch to competitors and this means that they will obtain a healthy and stable profit for the future.In the past year if a customer bought a meal from McDonalds the customer would receive a cup as part of their purchase. This increased the amount of customers they get and it also made McDonalds stand out from its competitors. A unique selling point of products differentiates McDonalds from its competitors because they will be more customers visiting the restaurant and this will result to increase of sales. Product concept: This is when a bu siness products is part of their business brand image. The products shape the business and its unique selling point in the market.The product concept allows McDonalds products to be on limited edition to test customer satisfaction, so if customers are not satisfied with the new product McDonalds would simply get rid of the product and it will avoid them from making a loss as well. However the product concept is rarely used at McDonalds because they sell similar products like their competitors, however they always bring in new products to increase its customer base and being ahead of competition in the fast food industry market. For example last 4 years McDonalds launched the deli meal and it consist of 5 types of different burgers.The deli meal became a success to McDonalds business because a lot of customer were satisfied with the additional meal that has been added on to the menu. The deli meal increased the reputation of McDonalds brand because it made them look diverse; this sho ws that McDonalds is capable to differentiating its products from its competitors by introducing products that have a unique selling point in order to increase sales and customer base. Marketing concept: This is when a business gathers information from its customer, competitors, market environment and the economy.McDonalds benefit from the marketing concept because it moves the target audience to some type of action; this might be to purchase a product from McDonalds, visit McDonalds, or to increase purchases of the products. With the marketing concept it enables McDonalds to distribute its products to the right segment of people. It helps McDonalds to understand its products and innovative of distribution channels. With the marketing concept McDonalds is able to achieve its aims and objectives which consist of meeting needs of their target group, being efficient when it comes to competition and to make a profit.The marketing concept allows McDonalds to widen their marketing strateg ies in order to remain successful in the market. The marketing concept helps McDonalds to understand rising living standards, changes in law with packaging, new food production technique and changes in patterns eating out. The marketing concept justifies whether the number of target customers is growing or shrinking and whether their buying habits will change in the future. The market concept helps McDonalds to make effective decisions about its business by providing information that can inform one decision making process.The weaknesses of the product concept are that it does not justify consumer needs. It can’t look onto the future of McDonalds products. McDonalds does not really concentrate on the production concept because they are concentrating on other concepts such as the product and marketing concept which has a positive impact on the business and the brand itself. The production concept does not have an impact on McDonalds business. The product concept is about having a unique product which customers will get satisfaction out of eating.However McDonalds competitors offer similar products to attract the same segment of people and this does not make them look very distinctive. If McDonalds don’t promote enough to their target audience especially when they have launched new products, customers would not know anything about the product and this would decrease McDonalds sales as well. The marketing concept is an expensive tool because McDonalds have to employ specialist marketers if they want their marketing research to be effective and reliable. However McDonalds can still afford the costs of the whole marketing concept because they have the money.It can be time consuming as well because some information such as past data could be outdated and some past data are not very reliable or useful for McDonalds. Recommendations Production Concept: In my opinion the production concept is vital to McDonalds business because they would still need to mak e sure that they have the same ingredients to make the products. The most important of all is that the products will still have to look identical and taste the same before the products get distributed to other outlets of McDonalds.This is because if the products of McDonalds have different ingredients and different taste McDonalds would not look distinctive in customers eyes because customers would be complaining about the lack of quality of their products. This could also have a negative impact on the brand image as well. Selling Concept: In my point of view McDonalds should continue to use the selling concept as part of their marketing strategy because it has made McDonalds successful and well established, people know about McDonalds and it is spreading across the globe.The selling concept has increased the product positioning of McDonalds and it also developed customers trust and loyalty of McDonalds brand image. It has increased the market share for McDonalds as well. It also de fined the success or failure of new launched products. Product Concept: McDonalds could introduce multi cultural meals to suit ethnic minorities due to different cultures and tastes. This would make McDonalds brand image more diverse and unique in the market. This will also have a positive impact on McDonalds future profits.Introducing multi cultural meals into McDonalds is a big advantage for them because they will be able to meet every ethnic requirements, this will also increase the number of ethnic people visiting McDonalds. McDonalds could start launching a special family feast which is at aimed at families for example a meal for ? 10 which is enough for a family of four. McDonalds would benefit from this additional meal for a family of four because there will be attracting big families, this would be another target group and this will have a positive impact on future profits.McDonalds could also Marketing Concept: McDonalds marketing concept is already effective and well estab lished because they are still meeting the customers needs and also they always aim to develop their marketing strategies in order to remain successful throughout the years. Marketing Principles strengths and weaknesses Understanding consumer needs: Understanding consumer needs is vital to a business because if a business fails to meet customer demands they will see a decrease in their customer base, and customers will be likely to switch to competitors.It is important for a business to keep up to date with customer demands in order to satisfy them so that customers will keep coming back. Without meeting consumer needs a business would not be able to operate. The marketing principles strengths are that it enables McDonalds to concentrate on its customer needs and they can refer back to the marketing mix in order to meet the needs of its customers. It is an easy process for McDonalds to follow in order to meet its aims and objectives. McDonalds are able to identify specific targets th at may require more attention.It enables McDonalds to know its customers for example the customers of McDonalds are the end users. McDonalds are able to meet customer needs and this has a distinct competitive advantage for McDonalds because people still go in there, it is affordable and it suits every segment taste regardless to their preference, McDonalds is for everyone. The marketing principles makes McDonalds understand the business itself because they know what they are selling; they know the purpose of their business. With the marketing principles McDonalds are able to praise their strengths and weaknesses to its customers.McDonalds know their competitive edge in the fast food market which allows them to plan ahead and creating new strategies in order to be ahead of their competitors. McDonalds has already established customer loyalty and this made them very unique in the fast food industry which has lead to a healthy profit throughout the years. McDonalds always manages to id entify the needs of its customers and they always aim to meet the demands of customers and this creates a good relationship with customers.Keeping ahead of competition: Keeping ahead of competition is important in a business environment because competitors will increase their strategies in order to be ahead of competitors. For example Nandos may start delivering products to their customers if their order is over ? 10, this will differentiate them from its competitors and this will the customer base of Nandos. McDonalds keep ahead of competition by having a happy meal with healthier options; the happy meal includes a toy that attracts little children.The happy meal differentiates McDonalds from its competitors and this made them increase its customer base and the effective promotion they used by using Disney movies to distribute the products to little children. McDonalds keep ahead in competition by launching new products into the market so customers don’t get bored of their p roducts, if McDonalds did not invest in new products they would see a decrease in customer base this is because customers would be switching to their competitors and McDonalds would get left behind.McDonalds keep ahead in competition by promoting new products with different methods of promotion such as TV, magazines, newspapers and even on the internet (hotmail). McDonalds also promote long term vouchers to its customers which last about at end of the year; this differentiates McDonalds from its competitors because they are the only fast food business who promotes long term vouchers. These long term vouchers are given in busy places to attract more customers. McDonalds keep ahead of competition by using cheap policies of pricing to suit the segment they have targeted.It is effective because McDonalds is able to explore its opportunities in the market. For example if McDonalds is experiencing good growth in the market they would have the ability to develop its breakfast menu to attra ct potential customers who are likely to visit McDonalds before work. This will increase the customer base of McDonalds and customers are not likely to switch to competitors. Keeping ahead in competition enables McDonalds to update its brand by making their outlets look more modern and welcoming.Keeping ahead in competition helps McDonalds to target new markets which may have a positive impact on future profits. McDonalds can also expand their offers in order to attract more customers and this again increases customer base because customers are not likely to switch to competitors. McDonalds can look into the future because McDonalds always plan for growth and to remain successful in the market and they could invest in new technology, following consumer trends in order to satisfy them.Communicating effectively with customers: Communicating effectively with consumers relates to promotion which relates to other elements of the marketing mix. Without promotion a business would not be ab le to sell its products to its customers because there would be no place or price of promotion. Customers would not know anything about the business. Promotion influences customers to visit and purchase products from the business. The product has to be advertised to show its quality, features, packaging and brand name of the business.The price of the product needs to be advertised in order to attract the customers. The place of where the product is being sold needs to be advertised because it shows how distinctive and the business brand looks. Communicating effectively with customers increases demand of a product and this leads to increase in sales. This makes it hard for competitors such as KFC and Burger King to compete with McDonalds and this is why McDonalds is successful because they are always thinking ahead.McDonalds communicate effectively with its customers through promotion and their promotion is very effective because it creates awareness of McDonalds products. McDonalds have already built a reputation under the brand name and it is growing more respectable across the globe. For example with the McDonalds Yorkie McFlurry advert, McDonalds worked with Cadbury and Nestle and they are both leaders in the market. This shows that McDonalds its brand of the confectionary to influence the concept for its McFlurrys. Communicating with customers effectively makes McDonalds business and products look more distinctive.McDonalds are able to compare strategies that may have worked in the past to increase customers attention and getting their marketing more noticed. It strengthens McDonalds competitive position and the brand image itself because they can grow and expand. The marketing principles weaknesses are that McDonalds does not make good use of technology as they may feel like it is not necessarily to their business, however technology can also increase future profits because technology is used very often today by business and this makes them more successfu l and competitive in the market.The marketing principles can be expensive as well and time consuming however McDonalds has the money to have these principles adapted to their business. Recommendations Understanding consumer needs: As population trends are changing all the time McDonalds could segment customer’s life cycle, so that they will be up to date with customer demands and meeting the requirements of what the market wants. This would allow McDonalds to spend less money overall because if they know a certain product is not going to sell in the future, they would simply get rid of it.McDonalds would be able to have effective marketing campaigns. Keeping ahead in competition: McDonalds could introduce digital media kiosks for burning CDs, downloading mobile phone ring tones and printing photos for the young people segment. I believe McDonalds would benefit from this digital media kiosk as they will be attracting more younger people. This will differentiate McDonalds from its competitors and differentiation avoids customers from going to their competitors and this would also have a positive impact on future profits.Communicating effectively with consumers: McDonalds could start newsletters via email for consumers who wish to sign up for it. The newsletter will give consumers information about new upcoming products that McDonalds will offer. Consumers who sign up for this newsletter would receive discounts for the new upcoming products. This will have a positive impact on McDonalds brand image because it gives McDonalds a higher chance of increase in sales and it will improve the customer retention of McDonalds. The information in the newsletters will help customers to understand McDonalds business more.The newsletter could be another way of advertising and promoting new upcoming products and developments of current products. This will also get the message across of McDonalds. The newsletters will show the qualities and the value of McDonalds. It woul d also increase the brand loyalty of McDonalds because they will be known as a trusted brand. Newsletters are a low cost of promoting products; this will allow McDonalds to save additional money as well. That additional money could be used to develop its promotion techniques and this would also increase the communication between McDonalds and its customers.McDonalds could set up pages on social networking sites for customers to join. McDonalds could add polls, discussions, and reviews about products they offer. The more McDonalds communicate with customers the more customers will feel attached to their products. Utilising new technology: McDonalds could start utilising new technology more by allowing customers to order online products; this would create an additional customer base for McDonalds and being ahead of their competitors such as Burger King, KFC and Subway.McDonalds could have deals with mobile phone networks because mobile phone networks can receive customers location by using the SAT Navigation. McDonalds could use this method to promote its new offers they offer. I believe this method would be effective because they would see an increase in their customer base and also they would be ahead of their competitors. Although the deal would cost McDonalds a lot of money but they can afford this additional method that may have a positive impact on the business. McDonalds would be likely to see a large increase of sales.

Aristotle’s theory of the Tragic Hero Essay

â€Å"A man doesn’t become a hero until he can see the root of his own downfall† Tragic hero’s who fit under Aristotle’s depiction are known as ‘Aristotelian Tragic Hero’s’ and possess five specific characteristics; 1) A flaw or error of judgment (also known as ‘hamartia’ which is a fatal flaw leading to the downfall of a tragic hero or heroine) 2) A reversal of fortune due to the error of judgment (also known as ‘peripeteia’, which is a sudden reversal of fortune or change in circumstances) 3) The discovery or recognition that the reversal was brought about by the hero’s own actions (Referred to as ‘anagnorisis’, which is a moment in a play when a character makes a critical discovery) 4) Excessive pride (hubris) 5) The character’s fate must be greater than deserved’. In the beginning, the character must be seen as equal morally to normal people in order for the audience to identify with him/her. This identification allows the sentiment of ‘pity’ which is crucial in a tragic play. The Aristotelian tragic hero inevitably suffers a tragic death, having fallen from great heights and made an irreversible mistake. The hero must courageously accept their death with honour. Other common traits of the Aristotelian tragic hero: a) Hero must suffer more than he deserves b) Hero must be doomed from the start, but bears no responsibility for possessing his flaw. c) Hero must be noble in nature, but be imperfect so that the audience can see themselves in him. d) Hero must have discovered his fate by his own actions, not by things happening to him. e) Hero must understand his doom, as well as the fact that his fate was discovered by his own actions. f) Hero’s story should arouse fear and empathy. g) Hero must be physically or spiritually wounded by his experiences, usually resulting in his death. h) The hero must be intelligent so that he may learn from his mistakes. i) The hero must have a weakness, usually, it is pride. j) He must be faced with a very serious decision that he must face. Aristotle identifies tragedy as the most refined version of poetry dealing with lofty matters and comedy as the most refined version of poetry dealing with base matters. He traces a brief and speculative history of tragedy as it evolved from dithyrambic hymns in praise of the god Dionysus. Dithyrambs were sung by a large choir, sometimes featuring a narrator. Aeschylus invented tragedy by bringing a second actor into dialogue with the narrator. Sophocles innovated further by introducing a third actor, and gradually tragedy shifted to its contemporary dramatic form. Aristotle defines tragedy according to seven characteristics: (1) it is mimetic, (2) it is serious, (3) it tells a full story of an appropriate length, (4) it contains rhythm and harmony, (5) rhythm and harmony occur in different combinations in different parts of the tragedy, (6) it is performed rather than narrated, and (7) it arouses feelings of pity and fear and then purges these feelings through catharsis. A tragedy c onsists of six component parts, which are listed here in order from most important to least important: plot, character, thought, diction, melody, and spectacle. A well-formed plot must have a beginning, which is not a necessary consequence of any previous action; a middle, which follows logically from the beginning; and an end, which follows logically from the middle and from which no further action necessarily follows. The plot should be unified, meaning that every element of the plot should tie in to the rest of the plot, leaving no loose ends. This kind of unity allows tragedy to express universal themes powerfully, which makes it superior to history, which can only talk about particular events. Episodic plots are bad because there is no necessity to the sequence of events. The best kind of plot contains surprises, but surprises that, in retrospect, fit logically into the sequence of events. The best kinds of surprises are brought about by peripeteia, or reversal of fortune, and anagnorisis, or discovery. A good plot progresses like a knot that is tied up with increasingly greater complexity until the moment of peripeteia, at which point the knot is gradually untied until it reaches a completely unknotted conclusion. For a tragedy to arouse pity and fear, we must observe a hero who is relatively noble going from happiness to misery as a result of error on the part of the hero. Our pity and fear is aroused most when it is family members who harm one another rather than enemies or  strangers. In the best kind of plot, one character narrowly avoids killing a family member unwittingly thanks to an anagnorisis that reveals the family connection. The hero must have good qualities appropriate to his or her station and should be portrayed realistically and consistently. Since both the character of the hero and the plot must have logical consistency, Aristotle concludes that the untying of the plot must follow as a necessary consequence of the plot and not from stage artifice, like a deus ex machina (a machine used in some plays, in which an actor playing one of the gods was lowered onto the stage at the end). Aristotle discusses thought and diction and then moves on to address epic poetry. Whereas tragedy consists of actions presented in a dramatic form, epic poetry consists of verse presented in a narrative form. Tragedy and epic poetry have many common qualities, most notably the unity of plot and similar subject matter. However, epic poetry can be longer than tragedy, and because it is not performed, it can deal with more fantastic action with a much wider scope. By contrast, tragedy can be more focused and takes advantage of the devices of music and spectacle. Epic poetry and tragedy are also written in different meters. After defending poetry against charges that it deals with improbable or impossible events, Aristotle concludes by weighing tragedy against epic poetry and determining that tragedy is on the whole superior. Aristotle takes a scientific approach to poetry, which bears as many disadvantages as advantages. He studies poetry as he would a natural phenomenon, observing and analyzing first, and only afterward making tentative hypotheses and recommendation s. The scientific approach works best at identifying the objective, lawlike behavior that underlies the phenomena being observed. To this end, Aristotle draws some important general conclusions about the nature of poetry and how it achieves its effects. However, in assuming that there are objective laws underlying poetry, Aristotle fails to appreciate the ways in which art often progresses precisely by overturning the assumed laws of a previous generation. If every play were written in strict accordance with a given set of laws for a long enough time, a revolutionary playwright would be able to achieve powerful effects by consciously violating these laws. In point of fact, Euripides, the last of the three great tragic poets of Ancient Greece, wrote many plays that violated the logical and structured principles of  Aristotle’s Poetics in a conscious effort to depict a world that he saw as neither logical nor structured. Aristotle himself gives mixed reviews to Euripides’ troubling plays, but they are still performed two and a half millennia after they were written. Aristotle’s concept of mimesis helps him to explain what is distinctive about our experience of art. Poetry is mimetic, meaning that it invites us to imagine its subject matter as real while acknowledging that it is in fact fictional. When Aristotle contrasts poetry with philosophy, his point is not so much that poetry is mimetic because it portrays what is real while philosophy is nonmimetic because it portrays only ideas. Rather, the point is that the ideas discussed in philosophical texts are as real as any ideas ever are. When we see an actor playing Oedipus, this actor is clearly a substitute through which we can imagine what a real Oedipus might be like. When we read Aristotle’s ideas on art, we are in direct contact with the ideas, and there is nothing more real to imagine. Art presents reality at one level of remove, allowing us a certain detachment. We do not call the police when we see Hamlet kill Polonius because we know that we are not seeing a real event but only two actors imitating real-world possibilities. Because we are conscious of the mimesis involved in art, we are detached enough that we can reflect on what we are experiencing and so learn from it. Witnessing a murder in real life is emotionally scarring. Witnessing a murder on stage gives us a chance to reflect on the nature and causes of human violence so that we can lead a more reflective and sensitive life. Aristotle identifies catharsis as the distinctive experience of art, though it is not clear whether he means that catharsis is the purpose of art or simply an effect. The Greek word katharsis originally means purging or purification and refers also to the induction of vomiting by a doctor to rid the body of impurities. Aristotle uses the term metaphorically to refer to the release of the emotions of pity and fear built up in a dramatic performance. Because dramatic performances end, whereas life goes on, we can let go of the tension that builds during a dramatic performance in a way that we often cannot let go of the tension that builds up over the course of our lives. Because we can let go of it, the emotional intensity of art deepens us, whereas emotional intensity in life often just hardens us. However, if this process of catharsis that allows us to experience powerful emotions and then  let them go is the ultimate purpose of art, then art becomes the equivalent of therapy. If we define catharsis as the purpose of art, we have failed to define art in a way that explains why it is still necessary in an era of psychiatry. A more generous reading of Aristotle might interpret catharsis as a means to a less easily defined end, which involves a deeper capacity for feeling and compassion, a deeper awareness of what our humanity consists in. Aristotle insists on the primacy of plot because the plot is ultimately what we can learn from in a piece of art. The word we translate as â€Å"plot† is the Greek wordmuthos, which is the root for myth. Muthos is a more general term than plot, as it can apply to any art form, including music or sculpture. The muthos of a piece of art is its general structure and organization, the form according to which the themes and ideas in the piece of art make themselves apparent. The plot of a story, as the term is used in the Poetics, is not the sequence of events so much as the logical relationships that exist between events. For Aristotle, the tighter the logical relationships between events, the better the plot. Oedipus Rex is a powerful tragedy precisely because we can see the logical inevitability with which the events in the story fall together. The logical relationships between events in a story help us to perceive logical relationships between the events in our own lives. In essence, tragedy shows us patterns in human experience that we can then use to make sense of our own experience.

Sleep Disorders in Children Medicine Essay

Sleep Disorders in Children Medicine Essay Sleep Disorders in Children Medicine Essay Sleep Disorders in Children Medicine Essay Sleep is an intricate neurological state, which has a main function of providing rest and restoring the energy levels of the body. The importance of sleep can be witnessed from the fact that person’s spends a third of his or her live in sleep. It is an active rhythmic neurological process stimulated by numerous areas of the brain. Moreover, sleep can also be a tool for measuring the overall health of a person. Often, healthy individuals tend to sleep well, while people suffering from different medical or mental conditions can experience repeated sleeping problems. Changes in the quantity, quality, as well as the pattern of sleep may lead to the development of sleep disorders. Continuous or regular interruption of sleep also affects the health of an individual. Sleep disorders, also known as somnipathy, can be defined as a medical condition that interferes with the sleep patterns of an individual or an animal. Some deviations can be more serious to the extent that they affect the normal mental, physical, and emotional functioning of a person. The number of cases of sleep- related disorders has been on the rise over the last few years, especially among the students. More than a third of students experience some sleeping problems (Monti, Jaime, and Daniel 33). The disorders are harmful to students’ daily life, so students should go to sleep on time. The current paper reviews the causes, types, prevention, and effects of sleep related disorders among school going children. The Role and Effects of Sleep Loss Sleep is the foundation of behavior and physiology. The scientists divide sleep pattern is into two forms: non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) phases. The alternation between the two occurs at an interval of about ninety minutes, making it between four to five cycles during a night of a normal sleep. Sleep plays a significant role in human life and wellbeing. Even though scientists have not yet found the reason why people need sleep, studies on animals suggests that it is a necessity for survival. In fact, sleep enables the body to repair and rejuvenate. During sleep, most of the body cells exhibit an increased production of proteins, which are necessary for the cell growth and repair of damages from stress and environmental factors, like UV rays. Studies claim that many biochemical and physiological processes take place during sleep, which has made many researchers agree that sleep is crucial for health and wellness. The purpose of sleep can also be seen from a different angle by assessing the impacts of sleep loss on the physiological and cognitive functions of a person. Some of the activities include emotional control, memory, complex thought, and motor response. Apart from the above functions, previous studies have shown that the loss of sleep may have detrimental effects on the immune and the endocrine systems, and may lead to several health concerns such as diabetes, obesity, and hypertension. Moreover, sleep loss affects moods of an individual. In fact, the irritation increases for a person after a sleepless night. Increasing evidence has linked inadequate sleep with anger, sadness, and anxiety. Students and Sleep Patterns Students are more probable to suffer from excessive study pressure, and short sleeping hours, hence may have sleep disorders. Since the sleeping disorders affect the physiological and cognitive functions of a person, such students may show a poor emotional control and decreased memory. The students may also have poor concentration ability in class and will have a problem in learning. The complex thought of the sleep deprived people will also be affected. In most cases, the affected students are likely to choose simple tasks and avoid the difficult ones. The complex thought enables a person to stand up to challenges and develop solutions for complicated challenges. Hence, the sleep deprived person will tend to avoid the difficult tasks when the complex thought is compromised (Hsu et al. 112). Causes of Sleep-Related Disorders The causes of sleep-related disorders are numerous. Although the contributing factors are different, the end result of the sleep-related disorder is that the natural cycle of rest at night and activity at daytime is disrupted or inhibited. The causative aspects of sleep problems include physical disturbances, medical conditions such as asthma, psychiatric disorders, as well as environmental factors. Other recognized causes of sleeping disorders are the changes in the student’s daily schedules, emotional and health conditions, adoption to the adult world, the exam proximity, stress, physical disorders, and lifestyle factors. An alteration in the plan of an individual’s daily schedule may cause some problems in the sleeping arrangement of the person. A shift of a work schedule may be a cause of discomfort. In fact, people who work at night often suffer from sleeping disorders. The reason is that the subjects may not be able to sleep when they feel drowsy due to their responsibilities. Thus, their duties and activities conflict with their biological clocks. The emotional distress, physical illnesses, as well as medical states also lead to sleep problems. The health issues such as asthma causes problems in proper breathing, which in turn interferes with sleep of the individual. Other physical disturbances such as pains from ulcers or other traumas affect the rest cycles, leading to a sleeping problem. Moreover, external issues such as alcohol and other substance abuse cause sleep-related problems. Moreover, substance abuse can result in other conditions like delirium tremors that include sleep loss as a symptom. The most significant causes of sleeping disorders in students are the psychiatric or psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety. The conditions generally result to stress, which is one of the main reasons why students develop sleep-related problems. The students might be anxious because of proximity of an exam, or they may be depressed due to the unsatisfying exam results. In fact, the proximity of an exam may force the students to change their rest-activity patterns, or may reduce the number of sleeping hour by increasing study time. In most of the cases, sleep problems are temporary, but they may last for a long time. Moreover, other causes of sleep-related disorders are genetics and aging. Researchers have found that narcolepsy, a brain disorder of sleep regulation that interferes with the control of sleep and wakefulness is genetically predisposed. Store (76) confirms that persons over the age of sixty five experience some sorts of sleep challenges or even disorders. The primary sleep disorders are caused by disturbance in mechanisms related to sleep-wake generating and timing, which may be either dyssomnias or parasomnias. Dyssomnias are related to the quality, amount or timing sleep disfunctioning. Parasomnias are associated with the unusual experiences or behaviors that occur during sleep. The conditions and the psychological events may interfere with certain processes of normal functioning, leading to a disruption of sleep-wake cycle transition. In general, most of the sleep disorders relate to another mental condition, which may medically, environmentally, or substance induced (Monti, Jaime, and Daniel 37). Generally, the indications of sleep disorders differ from one disorder to another. Most of the disorders include the symptoms listed below. Lack of the ability to fall and stay asleep at night and persistent daytime sleepiness are correlated contributing factors. Also, loud snoring sounds during sleep disrupt the rest cycles. Sleep doses, or unintended episodes of falling asleep are another factor leading to sleep disorders. Loss of muscle control or inability to move during sleep affects the organism functioning. Finally, abnormal behaviors such as sleepwalking or sleep terrors are a major issue for people. Individuals are encouraged to discuss any sleep-related problem they may experience with a neurologist or any primary care provider because the symptom often might be caused by an underlying medical condition. The neurologist will be able to diagnose and assist in managing the disorder. Diagnosis of sleeping disorder entails an evaluation of the symptoms by the neurologist, in addition to some tests such as daytime sleepiness. Keeping of sleep history is also important in the process of diagnosis. Types of Sleeping Disorders There are more than a hundred recognized sleep disorders as per the international classification manual. However, the most common sleep problems are divided into three main groupings including disorders that produce insomnia, disturb sleep, and cause daytime drowsiness. They are grouped into insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, restless legs syndrome, sleepwalking, and sleep-related disorders. The types are discussed below in detail. Insomnia Insomnia is the most prevalent sleep issue across the general population. It describes as the inability to fall asleep for a sufficient time to give a feeling of being rested or refreshed the following day. Insomnia can be viewed as constitutional in nature, but evidence has shown that it can develop due to psychiatric problems, including depression or substance abuse if untreated. In fact, depression can cause insomnia, while insomnia can also cause depression. Individuals suffering from sleep condition experience a general increase in arousal and secretion of cortisol. Treatment of insomnia requires medication usage, and there are several pharmacological choices available. Among the chemical treatment choice, the benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepines are the most approved. Treatment of insomnia can also be done by addressing the underlying problem, especially by use of medication. Finally, cognitive behavioral treatment, although time consuming, may also be successful if properly strategized (Roth and Thomas 32). Sleep Apnea The condition is one of most prevalent sleep disorder, in which breathing momentarily stops during sleeping due to the obstruction of the upper respiratory system. The blockage may be a consequence of a fall in the blood oxygen. The halts in breathing interrupt sleep, resulting in many awakenings in the night. Although most people with sleep apnea do not remember the awakenings, they will experience exhaustion during the following day. Moreover, the condition also causes irritation and depression, and reduces productivity. Sleep apnea is a warning light of a possible presence of a cardiac condition or type 2 diabetes. The disorder is serious and life threatening illness; hence should be addressed as soon as possible. Symptoms include loud persistent snoring, regular choking during sleep, exhaustion during the day, chest pain, and nasal blockage among others. A sleep disorder test polysomnography is used to confirm the diagnosis of apnea and to measure the seriousness. Narcolepsy The neurological disorder affects one in two thousand persons. It is symptomized by a propensity to fall asleep during the day, despite having sufficient amount of sleep in the night. The other symptoms include sudden short attacks of muscle weakness, hypnagogic or hypnopompic hallucinations, automatic behavior, and sleep paralysis. The study of narcolepsy has revealed that wakefulness and sleep are not equally distributed states; and that one state can encroach into the other, normally resulting in striking consequences. Narcolepsy is genetically predisposed, although environmental factors can also trigger the condition. Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) RLS is a sleep disorder causing a stout, mostly irresistible desire to move one’s legs accompanied by tingling and uncomfortable sensations. The condition causes a problem in attaining proper sleep and maintaining it. It results from prolonged sitting or lying down. The discomforts of RLS occur particularly during the transition from wake to sleep. Although it cuts across all ages, RLS is more common in older adults and is more prevalent among women than men. Development of RLS is caused by several medical problems including renal disease, RA, and other illnesses. Research has also found that it is genetically predisposed; and the fact explains why RLS is often seen to run in families. Treatment varies with intensity, ranging from massage to pharmaceutical medication. The majority of the cases respond to benzodiazepines, anti-Parkinsonian agents, anticonvulsants, and opiates. Treating of the underlying medical condition is paramount. Sleepwalking Sleepwalking happens when an individual seems to be awake, with open eyes, but he or she is actually in a deep slumber. It is more common in children between six to twelve years, but it also affects adults. The duration of episodes varies on individual basis, and patients usually have little or no memory of their undertakings. Sleep-Related Disorders A good number of mental, neurological, as well as other medical disorders are related to disturbances of sleep and wakefulness. The line between physiological and mental is very thin, and they often intertwine. Nearly all mental disorders are related to sleep disturbances. Mood disorders, psychoses, alcoholism, panic disorders, and anxiety disorders are mostly present in patients who have sleep complaints. Also, most psychotic patients suffer from some degree of sleep disturbance across the course of the disease. Degenerative disorders, headaches, and epilepsy are the most common neurological conditions associated with sleep deprivation and disorders. They also include Parkinson’s disease, dementia, and cerebral degenerative disorders (Kim and Woo Sung 173). Moreover, the other medical conditions have presentations occurring during sleep or interfering with the normal sleep cycle. Gastro esophageal reflux, sleep related asthma and nocturnal cardiac ischemia are the examples of the medical conditions that happen during sleep. For example, sleeping sickness is a parasitic disease found rarely in Africa, which presents disturbed sleep cycle with night-time insomnia and daytime sleepiness. Prevention and Treatment of Sleeping Disorders Most of the sleep disorders can be prevented and treated at all stages. Regardless of the advances in the recognition and description of sleeping disorders, a slight progress in prevention, suggestions to personalized care and treatment has been developed. More research is necessary to develop prevention plans, discover more available and affordable diagnostic techniques, establish personalized treatment, and improve the prevailing management. It is estimated that most individuals with sleep disorders misdiagnosed, undiagnosed and insufficiently treated. Furthermore, accessibility to care and treatment is restricted due to the fact that the management of such disorders often requires specialized training, which is costly and time-consuming engagement. There is an unmet necessity for personalized treatment and pocket-friendly methods. The available knowledge and data on sleep disorders provides scientific background for the much needed advances. Generally, sleep disorders can be prevented through various conventional methods. The best approaches are to avoid the known predisposing risk factors, and most importantly is to treat the underlying medical conditions. The importance of programs directed at the community service and public awareness of sleep disorders is a crucial factor in prevention strategy. There should be a close partnership between sleep medicine and basic science which could lead to a positive contribution to medical research and patient management. Treatment of sleep disorders can be achieved either through the use of medications, or by the application of behavioral methods. On the one hand, the medication approach employs neurological-acting drugs, such as depressants, which treat the underlying mental or medical conditions. On the other hand, behavioral treatment employs several techniques like relaxation training, cognitive therapy, stimulus control, sleep restriction therapy, as well as sleep hygiene (Moon and Hwa Sik 267). Sleep disorders are a group of medical conditions that interferes with the sleep patterns of an individual. Some of the disorders can be severe to the degree that poses tremendous effects to the normal functioning of the mental, emotional, and physical components of an individual. There has been a rising trend of sleep disorder cases globally, especially among students. Sleep is very important for life, as it helps the body rejuvenate and rest. Moreover, lack of sleep makes a person drowsy during the day, hence reduces productivity. The biggest problem of most students is that they choose such lifestyle. The amount of sleep that a student gets influences academic achievements and success. Generally, sufficient sleep improves the physical health and mental concentration. On the contrary, lack of sleep increases the chances of various medical conditions including obesity, diabetes, and hypertension. However, the advantageous fact is that most of these disorders can be prevented and treated, whereby treatment can either by use of drugs or behavioral treatment. However, students should not allow the sleep deprivation to reach critical levels, as there is a challenge of accessing the services. Indeed, accessibility to care and treatment is restricted due to the fact that the management often requires specialized training that is a costly and time consuming engagement. In order to address the problem, the stakeholders should work together closely to improve the medical science, so as to increase the quality of managem ent and care given to the individuals suffering from sleep disorders as well as sleep-related problems.

The Review of the film Shakespeare in love.

The Review of the film Shakespeare in love. Free Online Research Papers Marjorie Baumgarten, the movie reviewer for Austin Chronicle wrote: â€Å"â€Å"The plays the thing,† proves Shakespeare in Love, as it presents the imaginary events that led to the creation of the playwrights timeless romantic drama, Romeo and Juliet† (austinchronicle.com). Baumgarten is not the only one who feels this way about Shakespeare in Love. Roger Ebert, a Chicago Sun-Times movie critic, remarked that he â€Å"was carried along by the wit, the energy and a surprising sweetness† of the film(http://rogerebert.suntimes.com). Indeed, the director of the film, John Madden with the support and help of screenwriters, Marc Norman and Tom Stoppard, accurately managed to show us the speculations, of how Shakespeare might have written one of his best tragedies, Romeo and Juliet. The setting of the movie is 1593. The story begins when Shakespeare is just another scribbling London hack, not as well known as his friend-rival Christopher Marlowe and is short of money (austinchronicle.com). But still, â€Å"hes a rising star, in demand by the impecunious impresario Henslowe, whose Rose Theater is in hock to a money lender, and Richard Burbage , whose Curtain Theater has Marlowe and would like to sign Shakespeare† (http://rogerebert.suntimes.com). William Shakespeare is writing a new play, â€Å"Romeo and Romeo and Ethel, the Pirates Daughter†, which would later be renamed â€Å"Romeo and Juliet†, for Henslowe. However he is suffering from a writer’s block (austinchroncile.com) and, telling Henslowe, that his new play is safely locked up in his head, he tries to find a muse in Rosaline. But the next day, he finds out that Rosaline is cheating on him and burns the beginning of â€Å"Romeo and Juliet†. This is when we meet Viola, the daughter of a wealthy nobleman de Lesseps, who is in love with theatre and acting. She prefers Shakespeare’s plays over Marlowe’s, and wants to act in one of his plays, but , because women were not allowed on the stage those days, she dresses up as a young man, Thomas Kent, and goes to the auditioning for Shakespeare’s new play. â€Å"As the man auditioning to play Romeo, Viola wears a mustache and trousers and yet somehow inspires stirrings in Wills breeches; later, at a dance, he sees her as a woman and falls instantly in love.† Unfortunately Viola has to marry Lord Wessex, â€Å"who will trade his title for her fathers’ cash† (http://rogerebert.suntimes.com). Wessex is a mean and a cruel m an, who is extremely selfish. He sees the couple dancing at the ball, and asks Shakespeare’s name, threatening him, so that he doesn’t meet Viola any more. But Shakespeare doesn’t want to tell him his real name, so he tells him the name of his friend-rival, Marlowe and leaves the house, being unable to find Thomas Kent. The next day Viola, disguised as Thomas Kent goes to the Rose Theatre again, and starts rehearsing Romeo’s lines. This time Shakespeare manages to talk to â€Å"him† and asks him who he is. Thomas tells William, that â€Å"he† is the nephew of Viola’s nurse. William uses Kent as a messenger, to deliver some of his famous sonnets and love letters to Viola and they intimately talk about her in the boat. After this boat trip Shakespeare finds out that Thomas Kent and Viola de Lesseps is the same person â€Å"and the love story between Shakespeare and Viola slyly takes form† (http://rogerebert.suntimes.com). The director, John Madden uses montage, moving from the romantic scenes of Romeo and Juliet on the stage, to the affair between Viola and William. Here the movie proves that â€Å"the play is the thing† again (austinchronicle.com), because the affair between Romeo and Juliet is just as impetuous and passionate as the real one, between the aut hor of the play and Viola and both, the lovers in the play and in the real life, know that their love is doomed. William Shakespeare also proves it to Queen Elizabeth, who sets up a wager between him and Lord Wessex, as to whether the play can capture the true nature of love, winning the wager. The proof is the audience’s reaction after Shakespeare and Viola play in â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† and we don’t know whether this is the play or the lovers’ real life. â€Å"Shakespeare in Love† ends sadly, as the Queen says: â€Å"As stories must when loves denied – with tears and a journey† and tells Viola to tell Shakespeare to write something cheerful for the Twelfth Night. In the end of the movie Shakespeare is writing his new play, the Twelfth Night, which was inspired by Viola, when he says: â€Å"It will be a love story, for she will be my heroine for all time, and her name will be †¦ Viola!†, and this leaves us hoping, that their fate turned out the same way as in his new play (Shakespeare in Love. Dir. John Madden). : 1) Shakespeare in Love. Dir. John Madden. Performers: Joseph Fiennes, Gwyneth Paltrow, and Judi Dench. Universal, DVD, 1998 2) Ebert, Roger. Review of Shakespeare in Love, Dir. John Madden, Chicago Suntimes Online. 25 December, 1998. Retrieved 12 October, 2009. 3) Baumgarten, Marjorie. Review of Shakespeare in Love, Dir. John Madden, The Austin Chronicle Online. 25 December, 1998. Retrieved 24 October, 2009. Research Papers on The Review of the film Shakespeare in love.Honest Iagos Truth through DeceptionWhere Wild and West MeetMind TravelThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayThe Hockey GameThe Spring and AutumnThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsHip-Hop is ArtCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite Religion

How to Make Collaborative Marketing Actually Work the Best Way

How to Make Collaborative Marketing Actually Work the Best Way Marketing managers want their teams to collaborate effectively. Facilitating collaborative processes between team members and across departments, however, is easier said than done. The more people are added to a project, the more potential for productivity snags. Increased complexity equals increased odds of project failure due to miscommunication, misalignment of resources, or general disorganization. However, when managers, sales, creatives, strategists, and analysts are all working in sync toward a common goal, teams can achieve results far beyond what they could on their own. In fact, maximizing success often requires this, and the complex needs of modern marketing make functioning optimally impossible without collaborating well across departments and disciplines. Download Your Free Marketing Collaboration Templates Before tackling any task, its useful to have the right tools for the job. To help implement more collaborative marketing strategies and processes in your own organization, download these three free resources: Marketing Strategy Guide (PDF): Plan an entire marketing strategy efficiently (with team collaboration in mind from the start). Marketing Project Calendar Template (Excel): Collaborate on project timelines with a single version of truth. Convincing Your Team to Use (PowerPoint): is marketing management software thats built to facilitate collaborative marketing teams. Before you decide to use it with your organization though, youll need buy-in from your team. This slide deck will help build the case for collaborating in one place with . How to Make Collaborative Marketing Actually Work the Best Way by @Ben_What Does Collaborative Marketing Mean? Here’s the definition this post will work with: Collaborative marketing describes the process of aligning multiple team members and resources, within one or multiple organizations, to achieve a goal that would otherwise be impossible without leveraging one another’s capabilities. That sounds simple enough, right? Why Does Effective Collaboration Matter? The payoff for investing in collaborative skill development, training, software, and processes can be powerful. But, not all companies feel like their teams are working together well enough. According to a survey from Visix, 39% of those surveyed â€Å"believe that people in their own organization don’t collaborate enough.† That’s a massive problem. Almost 40% of people think their organization doesn't collaborate well. Do you agree?What Are the Biggest Roadblocks to Effective Collaboration? So, if companies aren’t collaborating enough, what’s holding them up? Speaking in terms of newsrooms (chaotic, busy places- not unlike marketing departments), Poynter once broke down four Ds  that block creative collaboration: Distance: Too much physical distance between teams. Dominance: One team’s ego and need to be in charge, crushing collaborative culture. Dissonance: Competing priorities between teams leading to la ack of clear focus. Discomfort: Sometimes, it’s challenging to work with people you don’t know. That article was written back in 2008. But, with the possible exception of the first point (teleconferencing technology has come a long way since then), the other three issues are timeless barriers to getting people to work well with each other. Including marketers.

Friedrich Nietzsche, details of more specifics below Essay

Friedrich Nietzsche, details of more specifics below - Essay Example After an encounter with the war front in Frankfurt, Nietzsche observed: â€Å"I felt for the first time that the strongest and highest Will to Life does not find expression in a miserable struggle for existence, but in a Will to War, a Will to Power, a Will to Overpower!† (Durant, 406). In the essay â€Å"on Truth and Lies in a Non-Moral Sense†, Nietzsche develops this idea of human existence and survival in relation to the concept of the deceptive nature of truth, or reality, in the time-space configuration they inhabit. The essay begins with a putative reference to the diminutive, momentary, insignificant nature of the place humans inhabit in this universe, which they ironically perceive to be a gigantic, everlasting, all-consuming one. The nature of truth, when one attempts to perceive it in a hypothetical stance that transcends the here and now is a relative one, always constructed in a subjective conceptual framework. The way in which human intellect perceives truth is never in its entirety, but rather through â€Å"illusions† and â€Å"dream images†. â€Å"[T]heir eye glides only over the surface of things and see â€Å"forms†; their feeling nowhere lead into truth, but contents itself with the reception of stimuli†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The means through which people try to define truth is also essentially arbitrary. In the attempt to translate sense perceptions to language, the essence of truth is lost, as language is just a means of conveying received wisdom, based on conventions. Thus, Nietzsche’s apprehensive query, â€Å"Is language the adequate expression of all realities?†. All meaning that can be created with the help of language is dependent on some ultimate quality. Language in itself cannot hold truth in its entirety. According to Nietzsche, we obtain concepts like â€Å"honesty† â€Å"by overlooking what is individual and actual†, but there is the

Latin american history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Latin american history - Essay Example analysis of the political and economic history of Columbia, Cuba, and Mexico, this essay demonstrates that the flawed economic policies of the countries are predominantly at fault. In Latin America, the 1980’s are referred to as ‘Decada de aprendizaje doloroso’ , or the decade of painful experiences. Nowhere were these experiences more evident than in Columbia. According to David Robinson, â€Å"economic problems†¦had a significant impact on the political systems in the region. Elected governments still tend to support their own interests or those of elite groups (Robinson).† The government had increasing levels of foreign debt, which forced them to devalue the currency repeatedly. People from rural areas became poorer. Even the resource-rich Columbia faced internal problems of guerrillas and the drug cartels. According to a May 8, 1990 Time magazine article, kidnapping and murder of political aspirants became a routine affair carried out by the drug cartels, in order to influence the outcome of the elections. According to the magazine, 503 people were murdered and 18 kidnapped in a single week in May. From the United States per spective, Columbia is of national importance because of its geographic location and natural resources Although Columbia is an ally of the United States, 90% of the illegal cocaine in the United States comes from Columbia, which has still not become a safe place. Fighting continues between the armed groups maintained by the drug cartels and the government forces. A United Nations report indicates that â€Å"2 million people have been displaced because of armed conflict in Columbia† this year. Most of the internally displaced persons were Afro-Columbians, who fled because they were frightened of the fighting between the Columbian army and the armed groups operating near the Atrato river in north-western Columbia. Although a determined effort by the government to overcome the drug cartels has resulted in a semblance of order in

Amphibians of West Africa Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Amphibians of West Africa - Term Paper Example From this study it is clear that  climate change and specifically the rainfall shortage has led to decline in biodiversity of population of different organisms, including the amphibians in different parts of the world including West Africa. Rainfall decrease or shortage leads may affect survival   and growth of the amphibians by altering the availability of food, or changing the preditor – prey relationships which may lead to decrease in amphibians population or extinction of a species that is poorly adapted to adverse environments.  During the high rainfall season, amphibians in the west Africa normally mate, with the decreasing rainfall season, the mating season of the amphibians may be altered or even lost if the rain is inadequate and this leads to poor reproduction, which in turn leads to decreased population and my eventually lead to extinction of some species of the amphibians in the region.This paper highlights that  the majority of amphibians in west Africa ar e typical forest specialists, however,some of them can tolerate disturbed forest situation. Only very few amphibians in this region have a preference for savannah and farm bush habitats. Rainfall pattern change, therefore changes the natural habitat of the amphibians in the West Africa and more specifically the majority which inhabit the forest. Destruction of the forest due to lack of rainfall will lead to the death of the amphibians and migration of them to a different location where the habitat can be found.

Country Comparisons Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Country Comparisons - Assignment Example The GDP (purchasing power parity) of U.S.A in Billion $ is 14660 while that of Japan is 4310 in the same currency. These statistics are for the year 2008. Both countries are industrialized; however, Japan’s government seems to have a smaller population to plan for as compared to the U.S.A. The GDP growth rate of Japan is 3.9% and that of U.S.A is 2.8%. This may be due to the smaller population that Japan has to plan for (Indexmundi, 2011). India is one of the most densely populated countries; however, with a population of 1,189,172,864, this is slightly lower than the population of China which stands at 1,336,717,952. India’s population grows at a higher rate 1.34 percent, as compared to China’s 0.49 percent. Still considering the two countries on the aspect of economy, India posts a GDP of 4,060 in Billion $, on the other hand, China has a GDP of 10, 090. However, both countries GDP grows at an almost similar rate with India having a GDP growth rate of 10.4% and China 10.3%. This is probably due to the two countries differences in GDP (Indexmundi, 2011). Another country that is in focus is Saudi Arabia which has a population of 26,131,704 people. This population grows at the rate of 1.54 percent which is the highest compared to that of the United States, Japan, China and India. The GDP of Saudi Arabia in the year 2008 was 622 Billion $, signifying a growth rate of 3.7 percent (Indexmundi, 2011). Mexico, a country neighboring the United States has a population of 113,724,224 which grows at the rate of 1.1 percent. Looking at the economy of the country, it has a Gross Domestic Product of 1,567 in Billion Dollars; the countries’ economy grows at the rate of 5.5 percent, which is the highest of all the countries discussed (Indexmundi, 2011). Despite the fact that Japan has a lower GDP compared to the United States, its economy is growing at a faster rate than the United States, with 3.9

Public Service Broadcasting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Public Service Broadcasting - Essay Example Public service broadcasting is, probably, the only truly public service left which is truly accessible and comprehensible by viewers, but it is clear that even the most effective PSB structure is not secured from the influences of the postmodern age. Given the bright promise of digital television and the profound alterations it brings to the culture and ecology of mass media, public service broadcasting should undergo a series of changes, to make sure it fits in and meets the needs of new audiences. Public service broadcasting: Defining the term Understanding the pros and cons of public service broadcasting in Britain is impossible without trying to delineate what stands behind the very term â€Å"public service broadcasting† (further PSB). The controversy and vagueness surrounding the PSB term cannot be easily dismissed. That there is no single definition of public and public service broadcasting has been abundantly established (Syvertsen 1999). During the past 60 years in th e study of PSB no single definition of public service and its nature was developed and crystallized (Syvertsen 1999). Some definitions had considerable variations, whereas many others are obviously contradictory (Syvertsen 1999). For a long time, the term â€Å"public service broadcasting† was associated with BBC; but today, none of the existing definitions satisfies the changing demands of the media reality. The fact is in that the term â€Å"public service† is no longer limited to the community and those who are interested in this type of services. The terms â€Å"public service† and â€Å"public service broadcasting† have several distinct definitions, and all these definitions may help to explain the changing nature of PSB in the digital world. First, public service broadcasting can be treated as a unique and important type of public utility, namely, one of the many types of services provided by governments (Syvertsen 1999). In this sense, public servi ce broadcasting is similar to postal services, railroads and roads, and other public utilities used by citizens on a daily basis and for no fee. Treating public service broadcasting as a public service utility is the same as underlining its socioeconomic and technical ingredients: from the viewpoint of public utility, PSB must meet the basic criteria of efficiency and quality, which include the quality of signal, the breadth and sophistication of the distribution network, operations efficiency, etc. (Syvertsen 1999). This definition of public service broadcasting emphasizes the â€Å"utility† aspect of the service provision. Second, public service broadcasting can be viewed as something provided in the public sphere (Syvertsen 1999). This definition shifts the emphasis away from â€Å"utility† towards the â€Å"public† character of broadcasting. Here, the meaning and boundaries of the â€Å"public sphere† should also be delineated. Syvertsen (1999) writes that â€Å"the public sphere represents institutions in which members of the public take part as citizens and collectively make decisions for the common good† (p.7). The public character of PSB implies that everyone, irrespective of their status or position, have the right and can access the services provided by public broadcasters. Here, PSB is also depicted as an invisible eye monitoring the progress of society and providing citizens

New York State Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

New York State Politics - Essay Example Some of the requirements required to get the card are proof of residency and identity. Special provisions have been put in place for the homeless residents who are also required to apply for the card. There are also provisions of protection put in place especially for people such as the domestic abuse survivors. There is also a platform for appeal for those denied the card. The cardholders are also required to be above 14 years of age and be residents of New York. These rules were put in place with the assistance of the HRA and in response to the online feedback and the October public hearing. The card comes with its benefits, which are benefits and discounts from the 33 city’s largest cultural institutions, which include the museum, art galleries and the zoos (Khurshid). These 33 institutions are on rent-free New York land enjoying the energy and subsidized operations in the city. They are beneficiaries to the $479.7 million spent on Cultural Institution Group (CIG) fiscal year 2013, which there are members (NYC.Gov). These are accounted for in the annual budget at the cultural affairs department that carries about two- thirds. The cards, however, are not membership cards to these institutions, as the holders are required to apply for their individual memberships in these institutions. These applied memberships are valid for a year from the day of signing up. Those who had previously applied for the membership will not be eligible although they will enjoy discounts from the institutions in which they were not members.

Public Service Broadcasting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Public Service Broadcasting - Essay Example Public service broadcasting is, probably, the only truly public service left which is truly accessible and comprehensible by viewers, but it is clear that even the most effective PSB structure is not secured from the influences of the postmodern age. Given the bright promise of digital television and the profound alterations it brings to the culture and ecology of mass media, public service broadcasting should undergo a series of changes, to make sure it fits in and meets the needs of new audiences. Public service broadcasting: Defining the term Understanding the pros and cons of public service broadcasting in Britain is impossible without trying to delineate what stands behind the very term â€Å"public service broadcasting† (further PSB). The controversy and vagueness surrounding the PSB term cannot be easily dismissed. That there is no single definition of public and public service broadcasting has been abundantly established (Syvertsen 1999). During the past 60 years in th e study of PSB no single definition of public service and its nature was developed and crystallized (Syvertsen 1999). Some definitions had considerable variations, whereas many others are obviously contradictory (Syvertsen 1999). For a long time, the term â€Å"public service broadcasting† was associated with BBC; but today, none of the existing definitions satisfies the changing demands of the media reality. The fact is in that the term â€Å"public service† is no longer limited to the community and those who are interested in this type of services. The terms â€Å"public service† and â€Å"public service broadcasting† have several distinct definitions, and all these definitions may help to explain the changing nature of PSB in the digital world. First, public service broadcasting can be treated as a unique and important type of public utility, namely, one of the many types of services provided by governments (Syvertsen 1999). In this sense, public servi ce broadcasting is similar to postal services, railroads and roads, and other public utilities used by citizens on a daily basis and for no fee. Treating public service broadcasting as a public service utility is the same as underlining its socioeconomic and technical ingredients: from the viewpoint of public utility, PSB must meet the basic criteria of efficiency and quality, which include the quality of signal, the breadth and sophistication of the distribution network, operations efficiency, etc. (Syvertsen 1999). This definition of public service broadcasting emphasizes the â€Å"utility† aspect of the service provision. Second, public service broadcasting can be viewed as something provided in the public sphere (Syvertsen 1999). This definition shifts the emphasis away from â€Å"utility† towards the â€Å"public† character of broadcasting. Here, the meaning and boundaries of the â€Å"public sphere† should also be delineated. Syvertsen (1999) writes that â€Å"the public sphere represents institutions in which members of the public take part as citizens and collectively make decisions for the common good† (p.7). The public character of PSB implies that everyone, irrespective of their status or position, have the right and can access the services provided by public broadcasters. Here, PSB is also depicted as an invisible eye monitoring the progress of society and providing citizens

Social iSolation Prompted by Technology & Social Media Research Paper

Social iSolation Prompted by Technology & Social Media - Research Paper Example Today people hardly find time to speak to their neighbors, colleagues, and friends. Instead, they make relations with unknown people around the world through social media. Evidently this situation leads to social isolation, a potential issue affecting the social development process. According to Cacioppo and Hawkley, â€Å"social isolation is defined as the absence of contact with other people and lack of integration to society and includes the perceived feeling of being isolated from others† (as cited in Uribe, 2007, p. 3). Studies indicate that social isolation can cause depression and other long term psychological impacts on the victims. This paper will explore to what extent the obsessive use of technology and social media promote social isolation. It is assumed that the current trend in the use of social media and technology would drastically affect the social lives of individuals, and hence this issue should not be taken lightly. The primary audience of this paper will be anyone who uses social media and similar technologies to connect with family and friends. The secondary audience includes my professor and fellow classmates. Evidently social media and technology are increasingly used by children and young adults as compared to others, and hence they are highly exposed to its negative impacts. As reported by Lenhart, Purcell, Smith and Zickuhr (2010), nearly 72% online young adults extensively used social networking websites on a daily basis as of 2013. The major social media websites used by youngsters include Facebook, Twitter, and You Tube. Today teens and young adults consider social media as a vital part of their life, but they do not recognize the detrimental effects of such social websites on their social skills and personal interactivity. Generally formation of basic social skills including

Whole Foods Market Essay Example for Free

Whole Foods Market Essay Summary Whole food market is the world’s leading retailer of natural and organic food industry. A firm believer in the virtuous circle entwining food chain, human being and mother earth, they conduct their business true and consistent to their business mission and vision by producing the highest quality of products for its customers and high profits for its investors. Being a philanthropist and supporter of animal rights, Whole food market has established strong reputation with customers and suppliers. There are rivals in the industry and new entrants are seen penetrating the industry. At the time of the case (2005), Whole foods market is experiencing scarce resources in the organic produces and prime locations for their next business expansion. Questions 1 What are the best strategies to tackle the growing demand for organic food? 2 How can Whole Foods Market expand their business further? 3 Will Whole Foods Market survive into the 10-15 years? Analysis General Environment Global Societies are more health conscious and better educated in many parts of the world. The major market for Whole Foods Market is United States, Canada and United Kingdom. Europe is a potential market growth. Socio-cultural A growing percentage of women working have led to an increase in singlehood and ready-to-eat meal. As more people becomes health conscious, demand for organic food increases as well. Demographic Ageing baby boomer expands the senior population which in turn would increase consumption spending. In Europe, population is increasing and there are significant suppliers of organic foods with build in acceptance amongst the people there. Conclusion Europe is the next breakthrough market to capitalise with growing number of buyers and suppliers of organic products. Industry analysis Overview The natural and organic food retail industry is a fast moving consumer goods industry which requires players to either be a price leader and providing extra conveniences to customers for their pleasant experiences. However, players should never sacrifice quality for quantity as more customers are health conscious and financially capable to switch retailers without hesitation. Bargaining powers of suppliers The limited farmlands of organic foods in United States may not meet with the increasing demand in the future which may lead to price war. However, natural food supplies pose no threat. A moderate threat. Bargaining powers of buyers Consumers have a strong buying power as they are the main buyers in this industry. With increasing ageing baby boomers, singlehood and health conscious adults, demands for better quality of natural and organic foods are likely to increase. A high threat. Rivalry amongst existing competitors Rivalry in the industry is intense as firms continuously try to promote their presence and products. A high threat. Threat of substitute product The only substitute for natural food is organic produce. There is also an increasing demand for ready-to-eat meals over prepared meals. A low threat. Is this an attractive industry? With the increasing population of ageing baby boomers, singlehood and health conscious adults, a growing demand for organic foods and ready-to-eat meals will increase over the years. While the competition is intense amongst firms coupled with high bargaining powers of buyers, the industry is deeming as attractive. Competitor analysis †¢ Trader Joe’s adopts price leadership strategy without sacrificing its product quality. It has 215 stores located primarily in the west and east coast of the United States. They offer upscale grocery fare and employs low cost structures. The second biggest retailer in the industry. †¢ Wild Oats Market has 100 stores located in 24 states and Canada. Relying on employees to learn the industry, Wild Oats is committed to strengthen and streamline its operation to expand its business. The third biggest retailer. Internal analysis Tangible Resources †¢ Natural and organic products †¢ Stringent food quality control †¢ Good financial health †¢ Good access to resources from different geographical regions. †¢ Employ the â€Å"code of conduct† Intangible Resources †¢ Voted â€Å"100 Best companies to work in America† †¢ Promoted in several health magazine †¢ Recognition for charity contributions and awareness to animal rights †¢ Good relationship with its supplier †¢ Good organisation routines †¢ Good reputation with its customers for its highest quality product †¢ Recognised private labelled product Capabilities Production of high quality natural and organic productV, I Careful research setup and productsV, I, N The ability to sell consumer on the entire experiences fromR, V, I, N product to service. The ability to maintain excellent relationship with their supplierR, V, I, N Excellent team-based environmentV, I, N Strictest quality standardsV, N The ability to maintain positive relationship withR, V, I, N investors and employees Excellent staff trainingV Core competencies Whole Foods Market has three core competencies; the ability to go out of its way to appeal to their customers by taking every advantage of the customer expectation exceeding their reputations. Secondly, the mutual but beneficial relationship between Whole Foods and its suppliers that allows for deep discounts and favourable terms. Lastly, to have a strong and committed mission and vision that allows Whole Foods to be perceived by public as a trustworthy firm that values relationships over materials. This in turn has lead to an increase in investors and voted as some of the best companies to work in. The above mentioned are a sacred treasures to Whole Foods Market that separates them from their rivals. Careful research setup and products and excellent team-based environment are probably the secondary competencies they possess. However, these qualities are not rare as most other companies would employ this strategies to gain a competitive advantage. SWOT analysis |S | | | | | |Links with investor and public community |Inability to find location with 40% college | |Links with supplier | | | |degree holder for expansion | | | |Excellent team-based environment | | | | | | | | | | | |well as its acceptance | | |Organic produce may not meet with growing | | | | | |demand | | | | | | | | | | |Limited prime location | | | | Answer 1 What are the best strategies to tackle the growing demand for organic food? As the ageing baby boomer expands the senior population, more adults are becoming health conscious. According to National Nutritional Food Association, demands for organic foods are seen increasing as consumers perceived it to be healthier. It is known that Europe may provide an enormous potential growth because of the large population and holds more organic foods market in terms of supplies and buyers. Since Whole Foods Market is committed to sustainable agriculture without sacrificing quality, it is highly recommended that they established a relationship with the European suppliers to meet the organic demands in United States, Canada and United Kingdom. Whole Foods Market can then draw investors in expanding its business in Europe to further their income. 2 How can Whole Foods Market expand their business further? As the number one retailer in the natural and organic food industry, Whole Foods Market should expand its business to Europe where potential economic growth awaits. Building a positive relationship with the suppliers in Europe can help to meet with the organic demands in United States, Canada and United Kingdom. However, they should never neglect the European consumers because of its large population and acceptance of organic produce. Having built a reputation as a retailer that provides high quality foods, a philanthropist, anti-animal cruelty and firm that provides the best working environment, Whole Foods Market can build a strong and positive relationship with Europe and help to enhance the economic growth. Also by creating job opportunities, Whole Foods Market can help with the level of employment therefore strengthening ties with the Europe. This will be important to gain supports and acceptances from European to help with their sales. 3 Will Whole Foods Market survive into the 10-15 years? Whole Foods Market has an excellent long history for its marvellous reputation and contributions to societies. Despite being a volatile industry, the stock prices have mostly been an upward trend with currently at US$136 per shares. This will continue in the next 10-15 years as FMCG are always in demand. Having a nation that is facing ageing baby boomers, increasing singlehood and working women, Whole Foods Market can expect rapid demands for organic and ready-to-eat meals. Unless they manage to tap into the European suppliers for organic food, customers might switch to other possible retailers if they failed to meet with the demands which are the worst case scenario. As more people are aware of the potential health risks for poor dieting, more consumers will not mind to spend an extra bucks. However, they should not neglect the lower income families by providing them alternatives of budget healthier eating and products. In the next 10-15 years, the probability of new entrants moving into organic food industry might increase once entrepreneurs realises the eating trend of consumers. Price war may take place.

Basic Concept of Organizational Behavior Essay -- Fundamentals of Organ

Perhaps the single most important technique for motivating the people you supervise is to treat them the same way you wish to be treated: as responsible professionals. It sounds simple; just strike the right balance of respect, dignity, fairness, incentive, and guidance, and you will create a motivated, productive, satisfying, and secure work environment. Unfortunately, as soon as the complexities of our evolving workforce mix with human relationships, even the best-intentioned supervisors can find the management side of their jobs deteriorating into chaos. Theories As corporations strive to boost earnings in an increasingly competitive environment, they inevitably turn their attention to the issue of employee productivity and motivation. When employees are unsatisfied with their current work situation, productivity decreases, tension builds in the workplace, and morale becomes very low. Companies have known historically that morale affects productivity, yet management has struggled to come to terms with the factors that can create positive morale and an environment that attracts and retains workers and encourages them to produce. For this reason, many companies look for training and practices that aim to achieve a higher level of employee motivation. Maslow ¡Ã‚ ¦s & Herzberg ¡Ã‚ ¦s For many years various motivation theories have made assumptions and offered explanations regarding human nature. However, no single motivation theory has proven to be the end all - be all - of motivation. In order to understand the various underlying themes related to motivation the following three theories have been identified - content, process and reinforcement. Content theories are primarily concerned with what arouses behavior or particular attributes that motivate individuals. The most prominent content theory of motivation is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs and Herzberg ¡Ã‚ ¦s Motivational-Hygiene Theory. Maslow offered that human beings have their needs arranged in a hierarchy such that they are motivated to seek satisfaction of the lower levels of need first. Once that level of need is satisfied it is no longer a motivator, and the person is motivated by the next level up the hierarchy. From a managerial perspective money, status, achievement, working conditions, friendly supervisors and co-workers can satisfy these individual needs. Herzberg used this theory as... ...t's your department; the buck stops with you. Your team respects your integrity and trusts you to lead. You become a champion, not an oppressor. Share the Spotlight: The flip side of accepting responsibility for everything that goes wrong is giving subordinates just credit for everything that goes right. Never take credit for a subordinate's work, and mention names at every possible opportunity. Don't be afraid that this approach endangers your own career. You were made a supervisor because others in authority recognized your capabilities. The test of your value as a supervisor is your ability to create a productive, efficient team. Show management that working for you is the best thing that ever happened to your staff by drawing attention to each subordinate's excellent performance. If your team is performing at a high level, you won't need to blow your own horn - your value will be obvious. Conclusion The face of business is evolving at a mind blowing pace. As the economy fluctuates and organizations seek ways to beat the competition and be profitable, nothing remains more important to this goal than keeping the employees and management motivated in the modern workforce. Basic Concept of Organizational Behavior Essay -- Fundamentals of Organ Perhaps the single most important technique for motivating the people you supervise is to treat them the same way you wish to be treated: as responsible professionals. It sounds simple; just strike the right balance of respect, dignity, fairness, incentive, and guidance, and you will create a motivated, productive, satisfying, and secure work environment. Unfortunately, as soon as the complexities of our evolving workforce mix with human relationships, even the best-intentioned supervisors can find the management side of their jobs deteriorating into chaos. Theories As corporations strive to boost earnings in an increasingly competitive environment, they inevitably turn their attention to the issue of employee productivity and motivation. When employees are unsatisfied with their current work situation, productivity decreases, tension builds in the workplace, and morale becomes very low. Companies have known historically that morale affects productivity, yet management has struggled to come to terms with the factors that can create positive morale and an environment that attracts and retains workers and encourages them to produce. For this reason, many companies look for training and practices that aim to achieve a higher level of employee motivation. Maslow ¡Ã‚ ¦s & Herzberg ¡Ã‚ ¦s For many years various motivation theories have made assumptions and offered explanations regarding human nature. However, no single motivation theory has proven to be the end all - be all - of motivation. In order to understand the various underlying themes related to motivation the following three theories have been identified - content, process and reinforcement. Content theories are primarily concerned with what arouses behavior or particular attributes that motivate individuals. The most prominent content theory of motivation is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs and Herzberg ¡Ã‚ ¦s Motivational-Hygiene Theory. Maslow offered that human beings have their needs arranged in a hierarchy such that they are motivated to seek satisfaction of the lower levels of need first. Once that level of need is satisfied it is no longer a motivator, and the person is motivated by the next level up the hierarchy. From a managerial perspective money, status, achievement, working conditions, friendly supervisors and co-workers can satisfy these individual needs. Herzberg used this theory as... ...t's your department; the buck stops with you. Your team respects your integrity and trusts you to lead. You become a champion, not an oppressor. Share the Spotlight: The flip side of accepting responsibility for everything that goes wrong is giving subordinates just credit for everything that goes right. Never take credit for a subordinate's work, and mention names at every possible opportunity. Don't be afraid that this approach endangers your own career. You were made a supervisor because others in authority recognized your capabilities. The test of your value as a supervisor is your ability to create a productive, efficient team. Show management that working for you is the best thing that ever happened to your staff by drawing attention to each subordinate's excellent performance. If your team is performing at a high level, you won't need to blow your own horn - your value will be obvious. Conclusion The face of business is evolving at a mind blowing pace. As the economy fluctuates and organizations seek ways to beat the competition and be profitable, nothing remains more important to this goal than keeping the employees and management motivated in the modern workforce.